Warning icon

  • IPR Intranet

INSTITUTE FOR POLICY RESEARCH

Working papers.

Working papers bring policy-relevant research to the public in a timely manner and have at least one IPR faculty author. While they are prepublication papers, it is expected that that they meet normal standards for scholarly excellence. Most of these working papers are eventually published in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals. If you wish to cite a working paper, please contact the lead author directly for permission.

Economic Research - Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Working Papers

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis working papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment.

Recent Working Papers

Where Did the Workers Go? The Effect of COVID Immigration Restrictions on Post-Pandemic Labor Market Tightness by Maggie Isaacson, Cassie Marks, Lowell R. Ricketts, and Hannah Rubinton Working Paper 2024-003B updated January 2024

During the COVID pandemic there were unprecedented shortfalls in immigration. At the same time, during the economic recovery, the labor market was tight, with the number of vacancies per unemployed worker reaching 2.5, more than twice its pre-pandemic average. In this paper, we investigate whether these two trends are linked. We do not find evidence to support the hypothesis that the immigration shortfalls caused the tight labor market for two reasons. First, at the peak, we were missing about 2 million immigrant workers, but this number had largely recovered by February 2022 just as the labor market was becoming tight. Second, states, cities, and industries that were most impacted by the immigration restrictions did not have larger increases in labor market tightness. We build a shift-share instrument to examine the causal impact of the immigration restrictions and still find no evidence to support the hypothesis that the immigration restrictions were the underlying cause of increased labor market tightness.

Structural Change and the Rise in Markups by Ricardo Marto Working Paper 2024-002B updated January 2024

Is the recent rise in markups caused by increased monopoly power or is it a natural consequence of structural change? I show that the rise in aggregate markups has been driven by a reallocation of market share away from non-services to services-producing firms and a faster increase of services’ markups. I develop a two-sector model to assess the sources of the rise in markups, in which the two forces of structural change play opposing roles. On one hand, an increase in the relative productivity of manufacturing leads to a decline of the relative price of manufactured goods and to an increase of the goods markups. On the other hand, the increase in incomes that triggers the rise of the services sector leads to higher markups for firms in services. I show that the rise in markups is in line with the rise of the services sector and the fall of the relative price of manufactured goods, and may not necessarily reflect a decline of competition. I provide novel experimental evidence supporting the notion that the price elasticity of demand decreases with income.

Heterogeneous Responses to Job Mobility Shocks in a HANK Model with a Frictional Labor Market by Serdar Birinci, Fatih Karahan, Yusuf Mercan, and Kurt See Working Paper 2024-001B updated January 2024

Cross-border Patenting, Globalization, and Development by Jesse LaBelle, Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso, Ana Maria Santacreu, and Yoto Yotov Working Paper 2023-031B updated December 2023

We build a stylized model that captures the relationships between cross-border patenting, globalization, and development. Our theory delivers a gravity equation for cross-border patents. To test the model’s predictions, we compile a new dataset that tracks patents within and between countries and industries, for 1980-2019. The econometric analysis reveals a strong, positive impact of policy and globalization on cross-border patent flows, especially from North to South. A counterfactual welfare analysis suggests that the increase in patent flows from North to South has benefited both regions, with South gaining more than North post-2000, thus lowering real income inequality in the world.

Risk Management in Monetary Policymaking: The 1994-95 Fed Tightening Episode by Kevin L. Kliesen Working Paper 2023-030A added December 2023

The 1994-95 Fed tightening episode was one of the most notable in the Fed’s history. First, the FOMC raised the policy rate by 300 basis points in a year, even though headline and core inflation were trending lower prior to the liftoff that occurred in February 1994. Second, the Fed’s actions caught the Treasury market by surprise, triggering a sharp decline in long-term bond prices. Third, Fed Chair Alan Greenspan and the Federal Open Market Committee were regularly surprised that inflation was not rising by more than the forecasts suggested during the episode. This article presents some evidence that the Greenbook forecast systemically, albeit modestly, overpredicted CPI inflation during the tightening period. Greenspan eventually concluded that the nascent strengthening in labor productivity growth that was a key factor in restraining the growth of unit labor costs, and thus in keeping inflation pressures in check. At the same time, the success of the episode stemmed importantly from the decision by Greenspan and the FOMC to increase the policy rate to a level deemed restrictive for most of 1995. This effort reduced longer-run inflation expectations without triggering a recession. By that metric the 1994-95 tightening episode was a roaring success. Although not the focus of this article, the 1994-95 tightening episode holds important lessons for the FOMC in late 2023, which is attempting to defuse a sharp and unexpected increase in headline and core inflation to levels not seen since the early 1980s without triggering a recession.

Bootstrapping out-of-sample predictability tests with real-time data by Silvia Goncalves, Michael W. McCracken, and Yongxu Yao Working Paper 2023-029A added December 2023

In this paper we develop a block bootstrap approach to out-of-sample inference when real-time data are used to produce forecasts. In particular, we establish its first-order asymptotic validity for West-type (1996) tests of predictive ability in the presence of regular data revisions. This allows the user to conduct asymptotically valid inference without having to estimate the asymptotic variances derived in Clark and McCracken’s (2009) extension of West (1996) when data are subject to revision. Monte Carlo experiments indicate that the bootstrap can provide satisfactory finite sample size and power even in modest sample sizes. We conclude with an application to inflation forecasting that adapts the results in Ang et al. (2007) to the presence of real-time data.

What about Japan? by YiLi Chien, Harold L. Cole, and Hanno Lustig Working Paper 2023-028B updated November 2023

As a result of the BoJ's large-scale asset purchases, the consolidated Japanese government borrows mostly at the floating rate from households and invests in longer-duration risky assets to earn an extra 3% of GDP. We quantify the impact of Japan's low-rate policies on its government and households. Because of the duration mismatch on the government balance sheet, the government's fiscal space expands when real rates decline, allowing the government to keep its promises to older Japanese households. A typical younger Japanese household does not have enough duration in its portfolio to continue to finance its spending plan and will be worse off. Low-rate policies tax younger, poorer and less financially sophisticated households.

A journal ranking based on central bank citations by Raphael Auer, Giulio Cornelli, and Christian Zimmermann Working Paper 2023-027A added October 2023

We present a ranking of journals geared toward measuring the policy relevance of research. We compute simple impact factors that count only citations made in central bank publications, such as their working paper series. Whereas this ranking confirms the policy relevance of the major general interest journals in the field of economics, the major finance journals fare less favourably. Journals specialising in monetary economics, international economics and financial intermediation feature highly, but surprisingly not those specialising in econometrics. The ranking is topped by the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, followed by the Quarterly Journal of Economics and the Journal of Monetary Economics, the American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, and the Journal of Political Economy.

On the Transition to Modern Growth by B. Ravikumar and Guillaume Vandenbroucke Working Paper 2023-026B updated October 2023

We study a simple model where a single good can be produced using a diminishing-returns technology (Malthus) and a constant-returns technology (Solow). The economy's output exhibits three stages: (i) stagnation, (ii) transition with increasing growth, and (iii) constant growth in the long run. We map the Malthus technology to agriculture and show that the share of agricultural employment is sufficient to determine the onset of economic transition. Using data on the share, we estimate the onset of transition for the U.S. and Western Europe without using output data. Our model implies that output growth during the transition is a first-order autoregressive process and that the rate of decline in the share of agricultural employment is a sufficient statistic to describe the output growth. Quantitatively, while there is no a priori reason why agricultural employment would pin down output dynamics over two centuries, the autoregressive coefficient on the output growth process is practically the same as the one implied by the rate of decline in the share of agricultural employment.

Preventive vs. Curative Medicine: A Macroeconomic Analysis of Health Care over the Life Cycle by Serdar Ozkan Working Paper 2023-025B updated September 2023

This paper studies differences in health care usage and health outcomes between low- and high-income individuals. Using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) I find that early in life the rich spend significantly more on health care, whereas from middle to very old age medical spending of the poor surpasses that of the rich by 25%. In addition, low-income individuals are less likely to incur any medical expenditures in a given year, yet, when they do, their expenses are more likely to be extreme. To account for these facts, I develop and estimate a life-cycle model of two types of health capital: physical and preventive. Physical health capital determines survival probabilities, whereas preventive health capital governs the endogenous distribution of shocks to physical health capital, thereby controlling the life expectancy. Moreover, I incorporate important features of the U.S. health care system such as private health insurance, Medicaid, and Medicare. In the model, from the very early ages the rich spend more in preventive health to expand their life expectancy, which leads to milder health shocks (and lower curative medical expenditures) for them in old age compared to the poor. Public insurance—which is designed to insure large expenditures—amplifies these differences by hampering the incentives of the poor to invest in preventive health. I use the model to examine a counterfactual economy with universal health insurance in which 75% of preventive medical spending is reimbursed. My results suggest that policies encouraging the use of health care by the poor early in life produce significant welfare gains, even when fully accounting for the increase in taxes required to pay for them.

Real Wage Growth at the Micro Level by Victoria Gregory and Elisabeth Harding Working Paper 2023-024B updated July 2023

This paper investigates patterns in real wage growth in 2022 to determine whether wages have kept up with rising price levels, and how this differs among labor market participants. Using the CPS for wages and imputing expenditure data from the CEX, we measure separately nominal wage growth and inflation rates at the micro level. We find that there is more heterogeneity in the former, meaning that when we combine them, an individual’s real wage growth is primarily driven by their nominal wage growth. In 2022, 57% of individuals experienced negative real wage growth, with older and less educated workers, as well as job-stayers, being hit the hardest. Conversely, younger and highly educated workers, as well as job-switchers, had higher real wage growth.

Marriage Market Sorting in the U.S. by Anton Cheremukhin, Paulina Restrepo-Echavarria, and Antonella Tutino Working Paper 2023-023A added September 2023

We study the multidimensional sorting of males and females in the U.S. marriage market over the past decade using a model of targeted search. We find strong vertical sorting on income and education, and horizontal sorting on race. We find that women put significant effort into targeting men at the top of the desirability scale, while men put less effort and target women with similar characteristics. We find no improvement in quality of matching and no noticeable changes in sorting patterns or individual search behavior, despite rapid improvement in search technology. Finally, we find that targeted search substantially reduces income inequality across married couples, even when compared with random matching, by producing a large number of matches between low income and high income individuals.

Uncovering the Differences among Displaced Workers: Evidence from Canadian Job Separation Records by Serdar Birinci, Youngmin Park, Thomas Pugh, and Kurt See Working Paper 2023-022B updated October 2023

We revisit the measurement of the sources and consequences of job displacement using Canadian job separation records. To circumvent administrative data limitations, conventional approaches address selection by identifying displacement effects through mass-layoff separations, which are interpreted as involuntary. We refine this procedure and find that only a quarter of mass-layoff separations are indeed layoffs. Isolating mass-layoff separations that reflect involuntary displacement, we find twice the earnings losses relative to existing estimates. We uncover heterogeneity in losses for separations with different reason and timing, ranging from 15 percent for quits after a mass layoff to 60 percent for layoffs before it.

Impulse Response Functions for Self-Exciting Nonlinear Models by Neville Francis, Michael T. Owyang, and Daniel Soques Working Paper 2023-021A added September 2023

We calculate impulse response functions from regime-switching models where the driving variable can respond to the shock. Two methods used to estimate the impulse responses in these models are generalized impulse response functions and local projections. Local projections depend on the observed switches in the data, while generalized impulse response functions rely on correctly specifying regime process. Using Monte Carlos with different misspecifications, we determine under what conditions either method is preferred. We then extend model-average impulse responses to this nonlinear environment and show that they generally perform better than either generalized impulse response functions and local projections. Finally, we apply these findings to the empirical estimation of regime-dependent fiscal multipliers and find multipliers less than one and generally small differences across different states of slack.

Growth-at-Risk is Investment-at-Risk by Aaron Amburgey and Michael W. McCracken Working Paper 2023-020A added August 2023

We investigate the role financial conditions play in the composition of U.S. growth-at-risk. We document that, by a wide margin, growth-at-risk is investment-at-risk. That is, if financial conditions indicate U.S. real GDP growth will be in the lower tail of its conditional distribution, we know that the main contributor is a decline in investment. Consumption contributes under extreme financial stress. Government spending and net exports do not play a role.

Trade Liberalization versus Protectionism: Dynamic Welfare Asymmetries by B. Ravikumar, Ana Maria Santacreu, and Michael J. Sposi Working Paper 2023-019C updated January 2024

We investigate whether the losses from an increase in trade costs (protectionism) are equal to the gains from a symmetric decrease in trade costs (liberalization). We incorporate dynamics through capital accumulation into a multicountry trade model and show that the welfare changes are asymmetric: Losses from protectionism are smaller than the gains from liberalization. In contrast, standard static trade models imply that the losses equal the gains. The intuition for asymmetry in our model is that, following protectionism, the economy can coast on its previously accumulated capital stock, so higher trade costs do not imply large losses immediately. We develop an accounting device to decompose the source of welfare asymmetries into three time-varying contributions: share of income allocated to consumption, measured productivity, and capital stock. Asymmetry in capital accumulation is the largest contributing factor, and measured productivity is the smallest.

How Much Should We Trust Regional-Exposure Designs? by Jeremy Majerovitz and Karthik Sastry Working Paper 2023-018A added August 2023

Many prominent studies in macroeconomics, labor, and trade use panel data on regions to identify the local effects of aggregate shocks. These studies construct regional-exposure instruments as an observed aggregate shock times an observed regional exposure to that shock. We argue that the most economically plausible source of identification in these settings is uncorrelatedness of observed and unobserved aggregate shocks. Even when the regression estimator is consistent, we show that inference is complicated by cross-regional residual correlations induced by unobserved aggregate shocks. We suggest two-way clustering, two-way heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent standard errors, and randomization inference as options to solve this inference problem. We also develop a feasible optimal instrument to improve efficiency. In an application to the estimation of regional fiscal multipliers, we show that the standard practice of clustering by region generates confidence intervals that are too small. When we construct confidence intervals with robust methods, we can no longer reject multipliers close to zero at the 95% level. The feasible optimal instrument more than doubles statistical power; however, we still cannot reject low multipliers. Our results underscore that the precision promised by regional data may disappear with correct inference.

Decomposing the Government Transfer Multiplier by Timothy Conley, Bill Dupor, Rong Li, and Yijiang Zhou Working Paper 2023-017C updated July 2023

We estimate the local, spillover and aggregate causal effects of government transfers on personal income. We identify exogenous changes in federal transfers to residents at the state-level using legislated social security cost-of-living adjustments between 1952 and 1974. Each effect is measured as a multiplier: the change in personal income in response to a one unit change in transfers. The local multiplier, i.e., the effect of own-state transfers on own-state income holding fixed other state's income, at a four-quarter horizon is approximately 3.4. The cross-state spillover multiplier is about -0.7, but not statistically different from zero. The aggregate multiplier, i.e., the sum of its local and spillover components, equals 2.7. More generally, our paper provides a template for conducting inference that decomposes an aggregate effect into its local and spillover components.

Systemic Tail Risk: High-Frequency Measurement, Evidence and Implications by Deniz Erdemlioglu, Christopher J. Neely, and Xiye Yang Working Paper 2023-016A added July 2023

We develop a new framework to measure market-wide (systemic) tail risk in the cross-section of high-frequency stock returns. We estimate the time-varying jump intensities of asset prices and introduce a testing approach that identifies multi-asset tail risk based on the release times of scheduled news announcements. Using high-frequency data on individual U.S. stocks and sector-specific ETF portfolios, we find that most of the FOMC announcements create systemic left tail risk, but there is no evidence that macro announcements do so. The magnitude of the tail risk induced by Fed news varies over the business cycle, peaks during the global financial crisis and remains high over different phases of unconventional monetary policy. We use our approach to construct a Fed-induced systemic tail risk (STR) indicator. STR helps explain the pre-FOMC announcement drift and significantly increases variance risk premia, particularly for the meetings without press conferences.

Artificial Intelligence and Inflation Forecasts by Miguel Faria e Castro and Fernando Leibovici Working Paper 2023-015C updated July 2023

We explore the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce in-sample conditional inflation forecasts during the 2019-2023 period. We use a leading LLM (Google AI's PaLM) to produce distributions of conditional forecasts at different horizons and compare these forecasts to those of a leading source, the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF). We find that LLM forecasts generate lower mean-squared errors overall in most years, and at almost all horizons. LLM forecasts exhibit slower reversion to the 2% inflation anchor.

Immigration from a terror-prone nation: destination nation’s optimal immigration and counterterrorism policies by Subhayu Bandyopadhyay, Khusrav Gaibulloev, and Todd Sandler Working Paper 2023-014A added June 2023

The paper presents a two-country model in which a destination country chooses its immigration quota and proactive counterterrorism actions in response to immigration from a terror-plagued source country. After the destination country fixes its two policies, immigrants decide between supplying labor or conducting terrorist attacks, which helps determine equilibrium labor supply and wages. The analysis accounts for the marginal disutility of lost rights/freedoms stemming from stricter counterterror measures as well the inherent radicalization of migrants. Comparative statics involve changes to those two parameters. For example, an enhanced importance attached to lost rights is shown to limit immigration quotas and counterterrorism actions. In contrast, increased source-country radicalization reduces immigration quotas but has an ambiguous effect on optimal proactive measures. Extensions involving defensive policies and destination-country citizens radicalization are considered.

Mind Your Language: Market Responses to Central Bank Speeches by Maximilian Ahrens, Deniz Erdemlioglu, Michael McMahon, Christopher J. Neely, and Xyie Yang Working Paper 2023-013A added May 2023

Researchers have carefully studied post-meeting central bank communication and have found that it often moves markets, but they have paid less attention to the more frequent central bankers’ speeches. We create a novel dataset of US Federal Reserve speeches and use supervised multimodal natural language processing methods to identify how monetary policy news affect financial volatility and tail risk through implied changes in forecasts of GDP, inflation, and unemployment. We find that news in central bankers’ speeches can help explain volatility and tail risk in both equity and bond markets. We also find that markets attend to these signals more closely during abnormal GDP and inflation regimes. Our results challenge the conventional view that central bank communication primarily resolves uncertainty.

Time Averaging Meets Labor Supplies of Heckman, Lochner, and Taber by Sebastian Graves, Victoria Gregory, Lars Ljungqvist, and Thomas J. Sargent Working Paper 2023-012A added May 2023

We incorporate time-averaging into the canonical model of Heckman, Lochner, and Taber (1998) (HLT) to study retirement decisions, government policies, and their interaction with the aggregate labor supply elasticity. The HLT model forced all agents to retire at age 65, while our model allows them to choose career lengths. A benchmark social security system puts all of our workers at corner solutions of their career-length choice problems and lets our model reproduce HLT model outcomes. But alternative tax and social security arrangements dislodge some agents from those corners, bringing associated changes in equilibrium prices and human capital accumulation decisions. A reform that links social security benefits to age but not to employment status eliminates the implicit tax on working beyond 65. High taxes with revenues returned lump-sum keep agents off corner solutions, raising the aggregate labor supply elasticity and threatening to bring about a “dual labor market” in which many people decide not to supply labor.

Firm Exit and Liquidity: Evidence from the Great Recession by Fernando Leibovici and David Wiczer Working Paper 2023-011A added May 2023

This paper studies the role of credit constraints in accounting for the dynamics of firm exit during the Great Recession. We present novel firm-level evidence on the role of credit constraints on exit behavior during the Great Recession. Firms in financial distress, with tighter access to credit, are more likely to default than firms with more access to credit. This difference widened substantially in the Great Recession while, in contrast, default rates did not vary much by size, age, or productivity. We identify conditions under which standard models of firms subject to financial frictions can be consistent with these facts.

Pandemic labor force participation and net worth fluctuations by Miguel Faria e Castro and Samuel Jordan-Wood Working Paper 2023-010A added May 2023

The U.S. labor force participation rate (LFPR) experienced a record drop during the early pandemic. While it has since recovered to 62.2% as of December 2022, it was still 1.41 pp below its pre-pandemic peak. This gap is explained mostly by a permanent decline in the LFPR for workers older than 55. This paper argues that wealth effects driven by the historically high returns in major asset classes such as stocks and housing may have influenced these trends. Combining an estimated model of wealth effects on labor supply with micro data on balance sheet composition, we show that changes in net worth caused by realized returns explain half of the drop in LFPR in the 2020-21 period and over 80% of "excess retirements'' during the same period.

Optimal Dynamic Tax-Transfer Policies in Heterogeneous-Agents Economies by YiLi Chien and Yi Wen Working Paper 2023-009A added May 2023

In the design of an optimal tax-transfer system, there are two complementary conventional wisdoms: the labor-efficiency argument and the debt-efficiency argument. The former emphasizes the trade-off between redistribution and distortions in the labor market, while the latter emphasizes the trade-off between gains from monopoly rents and distortions in the asset market. We use an analytically tractable infinite-horizon model with both ex-ante and ex-post heterogeneity to show that neither argument is complete in the design of the tax-transfer system. Instead, in Aiyagari-type models the optimal system should be determined at the point where the intertemporal wedge between the market interest rate and the time discount rate is completely eliminated, provided that the government fiscal space permits an interior Ramsey steady state. Otherwise the optimal labor tax rate approaches 100% regardless of the Pareto weight distribution in the social welfare function.

Theodore Roosevelt, the Election of 1912, and the Founding of the Federal Reserve by Matthew Jaremski and David C. Wheelock Working Paper 2023-008A added April 2023

This paper examines how the election of 1912 changed the makeup of Congress and led to the Federal Reserve Act. The decision of Theodore Roosevelt and other Progressives to run as third-party candidates split the Republican Party and enabled Democrats to capture the White House and Congress. We show that the election produced a less polarized Congress and that new members were more likely to support the Act. Absent the Republican split, Republicans would likely have held the White House and Congress, and enactment of legislation to establish a central bank would have been unlikely or certainly quite different.

On the Economic Mechanics of Warfare by Guillaume Vandenbroucke Working Paper 2023-007D updated April 2023

The literature on war deals with finances, causes, or consequences. But, how do war-related expenditures affect economically-relevant outcomes at a war’s conclusion (e.g., prevailing side, duration, and casualties)? I present a model of attrition and characterize the effects of GDP at a military conclusion (one side cannot fight anymore) and a political conclusion (one side quits). The estimated model fits the data for the battle of Iwo Jima well. Analyzing data for the current Russo-Ukrainian war through the lenses of the model suggests that additional support to Ukraine could yield a shorter, cheaper war with less destruction on both sides.

From Population Growth to TFP Growth by Hiroshi Inokuma and Juan M. Sánchez Working Paper 2023-006C updated August 2023

A slowdown in population growth causes a decline in business dynamism by increasing the share of old businesses. But how does it affect productivity growth? We answer this question by extending a standard firm dynamics model to include endogenous productivity growth. Theoretically, the growth rate of the size of surviving old businesses is a “sufficient statistic" for determining the direction and magnitude of the impact of population growth on TFP growth. Quantitatively, this effect is significant across balanced growth paths for the United States and Japan. TFP growth in the United States falls by 0.10-0.23 percentage points because of the slowing in population growth between 1900 and 2060. The same driving force produces a noticeably bigger response in Japan. Despite the significant long-run effect, we discover that changes in TFP growth are slow in reaction to population growth changes due to two short-run counterbalancing factors.

Heterogeneous Agents Dynamic Spatial General Equilibrium by Maximiliano A. Dvorkin Working Paper 2023-005A added March 2023

I develop a dynamic model of migration and labor market choice with incomplete markets and uninsurable income risk to quantify the effects of international trade on workers’ employment reallocation, earnings, and wealth. Macroeconomic conditions in different labor markets and idiosyncratic shocks shape agents’ labor market choices, consumption, earnings, and asset accumulation over time. Despite the rich heterogeneity, the model is highly tractable as the optimal consumption, labor supply, capital accumulation, and migration and reallocation decisions of individual workers across different markets have closed-form expressions and can be aggregated. I study the asymmetric impact of international trade on the evolution of employment, earnings, and wealth, and decompose the frictions workers face to reallocate across U.S. sectors and regions into those with a transitory effect and those with long-lasting consequences.

Next 30 Working Papers

  • Subscribe to Our Newsletter

Related Links

  • Economist Pages
  • JEL Classification System
  • Fed In Print

SUBSCRIBE TO THE RESEARCH DIVISION NEWSLETTER

Research division.

  • Legal and Privacy

research policy working paper

One Federal Reserve Bank Plaza St. Louis, MO 63102

Information for Visitors

follow @stlouisfed

  • Research & Outlook

Policy Research Working Papers by the Development Research Group

The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper series encourages the exchange of ideas on development and quickly disseminates the findings of research in progress. This series is aimed at showcasing Bank research, i.e. analytic work designed to produce results with wide applicability across countries or sectors. This page highlights recent papers in the series produced by the staff of the World Bank's Development Research Group.

  • Development Research Group
  • Research Newsletter
  • Sign Up for New Policy Research Working Paper eAlerts »

research policy working paper

People & Community

research policy working paper

Research & Impact

research policy working paper

Career Services

research policy working paper

Working Papers

0 results found.

“Sex, Power, and Adolescence: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Behaviors,” with J. Seager, J. Montalvao, and M. Goldstein, 2023.

Manisha Shah , Seager, Montalvao , Goldstein

Working Paper (August 2023)

Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa have some of the highest rates of intimate partner violence across the globe. This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized controlled trial that offers females a goal setting activity to improve their sexual and reproductive health outcomes and offers their male partners a soccer intervention, which educates and inspires young men to make better sexual and reproductive health choices. Both interventions reduce female reports of intimate partner violence. Impacts are larger among females who were already sexually active at baseline. We develop a model to understand the mechanisms at play. The soccer intervention improves male attitudes around violence and risky sexual behaviors. Females in the goal setting arm take more control of their sexual and reproductive health by exiting violent relationships. Both of these mechanisms drive reductions in IPV.

“Violent Discipline and Parental Behavior: Short- and Medium-term Effects of Virtual Parenting Support to Caregivers,” (with L Dinarte-Diaz, S. Ravindran, S Powers, and H Baker-Henningham) 2023.

Manisha Shah , Diaz, Ravindran, Powers, Baker-Henningham

Working Paper (June 2023)

Approximately 75% of children aged 2 to 4 worldwide are regularly subjected to violent discipline across the globe. We study the impact of a virtually-delivered intervention on positive parenting practices in Jamaica. We find the intervention improves caregiver knowledge (0.52 SD) and attitudes around violence (0.2 SD) and leads to meaningful changes in caregiver disciplining behaviors, with a 0.12 SD reduction in violence against children. Treatment children also experience fewer emotional problems (0.17 SD). When we return nine months later, we also find reductions in caregiver depression (0.12 SD), anxiety (0.16 SD), and parental stress (0.16 SD) for treatment caregivers. The virtual delivery has important scalable policy implications which could help decrease violence against children across the globe.

Civil Service Adoption in America: The Political Influence of City Employees

Sarah F. Anzia , Jessica Trounstine

Working Paper (May 2023)

At the turn of the 20th century, most cities in America featured a patronage-based system of governance, but over the next few decades, patronage was replaced by civil service. Civil service restructured the relationship between elected officials and government employees, with employees benefiting from a variety of new protections.  Yet in studying this change, scholars have largely ignored the role local employees themselves might have played in the transformation.  We argue that city employees stood to benefit from civil service, and in places where they had agency and clout, they were important drivers of its adoption.  We collected a dataset for more than 1,000 municipal governments, determining whether and when they adopted civil service and whether their employees were organized in an occupational organization.  Our analysis of these new data shows the influence of city employees was an important contributor to the spread of civil service in American local government.

“Reducing bias among health care providers: Experimental evidence from Tanzania, Burkina Faso, and Pakistan,” (with Z. Wagner, C. Moucheraud, A. Wollum, W. Friedman, and W. Dow), 2023.

Manisha Shah , Wagner, Moucheraud, Wollum, Friedman, Dow

Bias among health care providers can lead to poor-quality care and poor health outcomes, and it can exacerbate disparities. We use a randomized controlled trial to evaluate an intervention to reduce family planning provider bias towards young women in 227 clinics in Tanzania, Burkina Faso, and Pakistan. The intervention educated providers about bias towards young women, facilitated communication about bias with other providers, and offered non-financial public awards to clinics with the least biased care. After 12 months, the intervention led to less-biased attitudes and beliefs among providers and more comprehensive counseling. Clients also perceived better treatment at intervention clinics compared to control clinics. Despite reductions in reported bias, we find mixed evidence regarding changes in method dispensing

The Agile-Policymaking Frontier

Larry A. Rosenthal

Working Paper (October 2022)

Human Capital Investment in the Presence of Child Labor (with N. Bau, M. Rotemberg, and B. Steinberg), 2020. NBER Working Paper 27241.

Manisha Shah , Bau, Rotemberg, Steinberg

Working Paper (March 2021)

Policies that improve early life human capital are a promising tool to alter disadvantaged children's lifelong trajectories. Yet, in many low-income countries, children and their parents face tradeoffs between schooling and productive work. If there are positive returns to human capital in child labor, then children who receive greater early life investments may attend less school. Exploiting early life rainfall shocks in India as a source of exogenous variation in early life investment, we show that increased early life investment reduces schooling in districts with high child labor. These effects persist and are intergenerational, affecting adult household consumption, and lead to a divergence in the next generations' educational outcomes. Our results are robust to instrumenting for child labor prevalence with crop-mix and to the inclusion of a rich set of district-level characteristics. We provide evidence that reductions in educational investment in response to positive early life shocks are total welfare-reducing.

Breeding Birds on EBMUD Horse-logging Areas 2002-2018: An Analysis of Area Census Surveys

Lee Friedman

Working Paper: (June 2020) (June 2020)

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of a public agency’s managerial decision intended to promote biodiversity on the lands that it owns. The agency is the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) that provides water to most of the eastern San Francisco Bay Area. In the 1940s, it planted non-native Monterey Pines on a 366 acre parcel by the San Pablo Reservoir referred to as the horse-logging area. Late in that century, it decided that the nonnative Monterey Pines were not consistent with its goal of promoting biodiversity on the lands that it stewards, and that these lands should be allowed to return gradually and naturally to their native oak woodland. By the turn of the century, many of the Monterey Pines were weak and dying. Starting in 2002, EBMUD allowed these lands to be regularly surveyed to assess the breeding bird population in them. This paper analyzes the survey data from 2002-2018 to consider how the bird population has changed and if the change is one that promotes biodiversity. The paper finds that biodiversity has increased significantly by multiple measures. The paper rejects two alternative hypotheses to explain the biodiversity increase: (1) that it could be part of a broader regional trend of avian biodiversity increase, and (2) that it could be an artifact of the survey methodology. EBMUD’s decision to allow these lands to return gradually to their native vegetation was effective; it has resulted in a significant increase in avian biodiversity. This increase includes the presence in 2010-2018 of important species that were not present in 2002-2009, including migratory species like the Olive-sided Flycatcher, Ash-throated Flycatcher, and Black-headed Grosbeak. More generally, the evidence in this study supports the idea that native vegetation promotes biodiversity.

Is the Social Safety Net a Long-Term Investment? Large-Scale Evidence from the Food Stamps Program

Hilary Hoynes , Martha Bailey, Maya Rossin-Slater, Reed Walker

Working Paper (April 2020)

We use novel, large-scale data on 43 million Americans from the 2000 Census and the 2001 to 2013 American Communities Survey linked to the Social Security Administration’s NUMIDENT to study how a policy-driven increase in economic resources for families affects children’s long-term outcomes. Using variation from the county-level roll-out of the Food Stamps program between 1961 and 1975, we find that children with access to greater economic resources before age five experience an increase of 6 percent of a standard deviation in their adult human capital, 3 percent of a standard deviation in their adult economic self-sufficiency, 8 percent of a standard deviation in the quality of their adult neighborhoods, 0.4 percentage-point increase in longevity, and a 0.5 percentage-point decrease in likelihood of being incarcerated. Based on these estimates, we conclude that Food Stamps’ transfer of resources to families is a highly cost-effective investment into young children, yielding a marginal value of public funds of approximately 56.

research policy working paper

Publications

Main navigation.

Our policy briefs and working papers showcase the latest ideas and research produced by our faculty affiliates. These publications inform the discussions and decisions being made about pressing economic policies.

Working paper submission form for Stanford faculty

  • Conrad, E., Hehmeyer, P., & Cain, B. (2024). Overcoming roadblocks to California’s public EV charging infrastructure . Policy Brief.
  • Clayton, C., Maggiori, M., & Schreger, J. (2024). A Framework for Geoeconomics . Working Paper.
  • Kim, B., Kim, M., & Park, G. (2024). The opioid crisis and the role of employers . Policy Brief.
  • Economists’ Comments on State BEAD Proposals . (2023).
  • Ahmed, S., Goda, G. ., Hahn, M., & Hehmeyer, P. (2023). Following the rules: Connecting academic research to policy . Policy Brief.
  • Donkor, K., Goette, L., Müller, M. ., Dimant, E., & Kurschilgen, M. (2023). Identity and Economic Incentives . Working Paper.
  • Ferguson, B. ., & Milgrom, P. (2023). Market Design for Surface Water . Working Paper.
  • Seru, A. (2023). Fragile: Why more US banks are at risk of a run . Policy Brief.
  • Cain, B. ., & Hehmeyer, P. (2023). California’s population drain . Policy Brief.
  • Hoopes, J., Lester, R., Klein, D., & Olbert, M. (2023). Corporate Tax Policy in Developed Countries and Economic Activity in Africa . Working Paper.
  • Ho, D. ., O’Connell, A., & Cui, I. (2023). Talent exchanges for state governments . Policy Brief.
  • Buckberg, E. (2023). Clean vehicle tax credit: The new industrial policy and its impact . Policy Brief.
  • Einav, L., Klopack, B., & Mahoney, N. (2023). Selling Subscriptions . Working Paper.
  • Fairlie, R. (2023). The Impacts of COVID-19 on Racial Inequality in Business Earnings .
  • Abramitzky, R., Boustan, L. ., Jácome, E. ., Pérez, S., & Torres, J. . (2023). Law-Abiding Immigrants: The Incarceration Gap Between Immigrants and the US-born, 1850–2020 . Working Paper.
  • Auclert, A., Monnery, H., Rognlie, M., & Straub, L. (2023). Managing an Energy Shock: Fiscal and Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Price, B. ., & Wasserman, M. . (2023). School’s out: Summer breaks tied to women leaving work . Policy Brief.
  • Barrero, J. ., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. . (2023). The Evolution of Working from Home . Working Paper.
  • Gottlieb, J., Polyakova, M., Rinz, K., Shiplett, H., & Udalova, V. (2023). Who Values Human Capitalists’ Human Capital? The Earnings and Labor Supply of U.S. Physicians . Working Paper.
  • Hampole, M., Truffa, F., & Wong, A. (2023). Breaking the glass ceiling: How MBA programs can make a big difference . Policy Brief.
  • Hurst, E., Kehoe, P., Pastorino, E., & Winberry, T. (2023). The Macroeconomic Dynamics of Labor Market Policies . Working Paper.
  • Vatter, B. (2023). What’s behind that five-star rating? A new approach to disclosure policies . Policy Brief.
  • Goda, G., & Biggs, A. (2023). Strengthening the Social Security safety net . Policy Brief.
  • Duggan, M., Dushi, I., Jeong, S., & Li, G. (2023). The Effects of Changes in Social Security’s Delayed Retirement Credit: Evidence from Administrative Data . Working Paper.
  • Coppola, A., Lewis, A., Maggiori, M., Schreger, J., Sun, Z. ., & Tinda, S. (2023). Dynamics of global finance: The US dollar’s grip and China’s offshore ascent . Policy Brief.
  • Jha, S., Shayo, M., & Weiss, C. . (2023). Financial Market Exposure Increases Generalized Trust, Particularly Among the Politically Polarized . Working Paper.
  • Bursztyn, L., Cappelen, A. ., Tungodden, B., Voena, A., & Yanagizawa-Drott†, D. . (2023). How Are Gender Norms Perceived? . Working Paper.
  • Jiang, E., Matvos, G., Piskorski, T., & Seru, A. (2023). Monetary Tightening and U.S. Bank Fragility in 2023: Mark-to-Market Losses and Uninsured Depositor Runs? . Working Paper.
  • Hansen, S. ., Lambert, P. ., Bloom, N., Davis, S., Sadun, R., & Taska, B. (2023). Remote Work across Jobs, Companies, and Space . Working Paper.
  • Cooperman, H., Duffie, D., Luck, S., Wang, Z., & Yang, Y. (2023). Bank Funding Risk, Reference Rates, and Credit Supply . Working Paper.
  • Heft-Neal, S., Gould, C., Childs, M., Kiang, M., Nadeau, K., Duggan, M., Bendavid, E., & Burke, M. (2023). Behavior Mediates the Health Effects of Extreme Wildfire Smoke Events . Working Paper.
  • Malzahn, J., & Hall, A. . (2023). Election-Denying Republican Candidates Underperformed in the 2022 Midterms . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Ben-Porath, N., Lavy, V., & Palgi, M. (2023). Financial Crisis in a Socialist Setting: Impact on Political Behavior, Social Trust, and Economic Values . Working Paper.
  • Coppola, A. ., Krishnamurthy, A., & Xu, C. (2023). Liquidity, Debt Denomination, and Currency Dominance . Working Paper.
  • Sorkin, I., & Wallskog, M. (2023). The Slow Diffusion of Earnings Inequality . Working Paper.
  • Seru, A. (2023). Tipping the scales: Balancing consumer arbitration cases . Policy Brief.
  • Goldberg, S. (2023). Balancing act: Protecting privacy, protecting competition . Policy Brief.
  • Clayton, C., Coppola, A., Dos Santos, A. ., Maggiori, M., & Schreger, J. (2023). China in Tax Havens . Working Paper.
  • Pernoud, A., & Gleyze, S. (2023). How Competition Shapes Information in Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Elzayn, H. ., Smith, E., Hertz, T., Ramesh, A. ., Fisher, R., Ho, D., & Goldin, J. (2023). Measuring and Mitigating Racial Disparities in Tax Audits . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Gupta, A., Jackson, E., & Templeton, Z. . (2023). The Impact of Privatization: Evidence from the Hospital Sector . Working Paper.
  • Auclert, A., Rognlie, M., & Straub, L. (2023). The Trickling Up of Excess Savings . Working Paper.
  • Aksoy, C., Barrero, J., Bloom, N., Davis, S., Dolls, M., & Zarate, P. (2023). Time Savings When Working from Home . Working Paper.
  • Burke, M., Childs, M., De la Cuesta, B., Qiu, M., Li, J., Gould, C., Heft-Neal, S., & Wara, M. (2023). Wildfire Influence on Recent US Pollution Trends . Working Paper.
  • Afonso, G., Duffie, D., Rigon, L., & Shin, H. (2022). How Abundant Are Reserves? Evidence from the Wholesale Payment System . Working Paper.
  • Borgschulte, M., Molitor, D., & Zou, E. . (2022). Wildfires reveal the large toll of air pollution on labor market outcomes . Policy Brief.
  • Hanushek, E. (2022). A simple and complete solution to the learning loss problem . Policy Brief.
  • Athey, S., & Palikot, E. (2022). Effective and scalable programs to facilitate labor market transitions for women in technology . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Johnston, A. ., & Guo, A. (2022). Experience Rating as an Automatic Stabilizer . Working Paper.
  • Finkelstein, A., Kocks, G., Polyakova, M., & Udalova, V. (2022). Heterogeneity in Damages from a Pandemic . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Davis, S., Foster, L., Ohlmacher, S., & Saporta-Eksten, I. (2022). Investment and Subjective Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Kennedy-Moulton, K. ., Miller, S., Persson, P., Rossin-Slater, M., Wherry, L. ., & Aldana, G. (2022). Maternal and Infant Health Inequality: New Evidence from Linked Administrative Data . Working Paper.
  • Conner, P., Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., Persson, P., & Williams, H. (2022). Targeting Precision Medicine: Evidence from Prenatal Screening . Working Paper.
  • Bettinger, E., Fairlie, R., Kapuza, A., Kardanova, E., Loyalka, P., & Zakharov, A. (2022). Does EdTech Substitute for Traditional Learning? Experimental Estimates of the Educational Production Function . Working Paper.
  • Gust, S., Woessmann, L., & Hanushek, E. . (2022). Global Universal Basic Skills: Current Deficits and Implications for World Development . Working Paper.
  • Streeter, J. . (2022). How Do Tax Policies Affect Individuals and Businesses? . Policy Brief.
  • Barrero, J., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. (2022). Long Social Distancing . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. ., Jackson, E., Nicholas, L. ., & Stith, S. (2022). Older Workers’ Employment and Social Security Spillovers through the Second Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic . Working Paper.
  • Chan Jr, D. ., & Chen, Y. (2022). The Productivity of Professions: Evidence from the Emergency Department . Working Paper.
  • Frydman, A. (2022). Work and Pleasure; Investigating The Rise of Digital Nomads In Mexico . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M. ., & Hou, E. (2022). Apples and Oranges: Contrasting economic policy in New York and Florida . Policy Brief.
  • Bunn, P., Anayi, . L., Bloom, N., Mizen, P., Thwaites, G., & Yotzov, I. (2022). Firming Up Price Inflation . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Karlan, D., Palikot, E., & Yuan, Y. (2022). Smiles in Profiles: Improving Fairness and Efficiency Using Estimates of User Preferences in Online Marketplaces . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G., & Soltas, E. (2022). The Impacts of Covid-19 Illnesses on Workers . Working Paper.
  • Aksoy, C., Barrero, J., Bloom, N., Davis, S., Dolls, M., & Zarate, P. (2022). Working from Home Around the World . Working Paper.
  • De Sousa, J., & Niederle, M. (2022). Trickle-Down Effects of Affirmative Action: A Case Study in France . Working Paper.
  • Brodeur, A., Cook, N. ., Hartley, J. ., & Heyes, A. (2022). Do Pre-Registration and Pre-analysis Plans Reduce p-Hacking and Publication Bias? . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., & Mahoney, N. (2022). Producing Health: Measuring Value Added of Nursing Homes . Working Paper.
  • Lachowska, M., Sorkin, I., & Woodbury, S. . (2022). Firms and Unemployment Insurance Take-Up . Working Paper.
  • Clayton, C., Dos Santos, A., Maggiori, M., & Schreger, J. (2022). Internationalizing Like China . Working Paper.
  • Atal, J. P., Cuesta, J. I., & Sæthre, M. (2022). Quality Regulation and Competition: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Markets . Working Paper.
  • Hurst, E., Kehoe, P., Pastorino, E., & Winberry, T. (2022). The Distributional Impact of the Minimum Wage in the Short and Long Run . Working Paper.
  • Adrian, T., Bolton, P., & Kleinnijenhuis, A. (2022). The Great Carbon Arbitrage: Going short on coal and long on renewables . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N. (2022). The Great Resistance: Getting employees back to the office . Policy Brief.
  • Bulman, G., & Fairlie, R. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on Community College Enrollment and Student Success: Evidence from California Administrative Data . Working Paper.
  • Barrero, J., Bloom, N., Davis, S. ., Meyer, B. ., & Mihaylov, E. (2022). The Shift to Remote Work Lessens Wage-Growth Pressures . Working Paper.
  • Douven, R., & Kauer, L. (2022). Falling Ill Raises the Health Insurer’s Administration Bill . Working Paper.
  • Aggarwal, R., Auclert, A., Rognlie, M., & Straub, L. (2022). Excess Savings and Twin Deficits: The Transmission of Fiscal Stimulus in Open Economies . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Han, R., & Liang, J. (2022). How Hybrid Working from Home Works Out . Working Paper.
  • Camargo, B., Lange, F., & Pastorino, E. (2022). On the Role of Learning, Human Capital, and Performance Incentives for Wages . Working Paper.
  • Rossin-Slater, M. (2022). Surviving a school shooting: Impacts on the mental health, education, and earnings of American youth . Policy Brief.
  • Streeter, J. (2022). Homelessness in California: Causes and Policy Considerations . Policy Brief.
  • Gelber, A., Moore, T., Pei, Z., & Strand, A. (2022). Disability Insurance Income Saves Lives . Working Paper.
  • Piazzesi, M. (2022). Inflation Blues: The 40th anniversary reissue? . Policy Brief.
  • Berke, A. . (2022). Learning from golden opportunities: Lessons for California . Policy Brief.
  • Meyer, B., Mihaylov, E., Barrero, J., Davis, S., Altig, D., & Bloom, N. (2022). Pandemic-Era Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Larsen, B., Ryan, T., Greene, S., Hetherington, M., Maxwell, R., & Tadelis, S. (2022). Using Donald Trump’s COVID-19 Vaccine Endorsement to Give Public Health a Shot in the Arm: A Large-Scale Ad Experiment . Working Paper.
  • Asmundson, I., & Duggan, M. (2022). Overdue: Why California needs to reform unemployment insurance funding . Policy Brief.
  • Chan Jr, D., Card, D., & Taylor, L. (2022). Is There a VA Advantage? Evidence from Dually Eligible Veterans . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Iacovone, L., Pereira-Lopez, M. ., & Reenen, J. . (2022). Management and Misallocation in Mexico . Working Paper.
  • Handan-Nader, C., Myers, A., & Hall, A. (2022). Polarization and State Legislative Elections . Working Paper.
  • Cao, S. ., Yi, L., & Yu, C. (2022). Competitive Bidding in Drug Procurement: Evidence from China . Working Paper.
  • Benzell, S., Brynjolfsson, E., & Saint-Jacques, G. (2022). Digital Abundance Meets Scarce Architects: Implications for Wages, Interest Rates, and Growth . Working Paper.
  • Cao, S. ., & Chatterjee, C. (2022). Equilibrium Effects of Pharmaceutical Bundling: Evidence from India . Working Paper.
  • Lee, A. (2022). How Medicare can reduce waste in post-acute care: The case of skilled nursing facilities . Policy Brief.
  • Bates, M., Dinerstein, M., Johnston, A., & Sorkin, I. (2022). Teacher Labor Market Equilibrium and Student Achievement . Working Paper.
  • Benzell, S., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2022). The Innovation-Complexity Trade-off: How Bottlenecks Create Superstars and Constrain Growth . Working Paper.
  • Brouillette, J.-F., Jones, C., & Klenow, P. (2021). Race and Economic Well-Being in the United States . Working Paper.
  • Stein, C., & Hill, R. (2021). Race to the bottom: How competition to publish first can hurt scientific quality . Policy Brief.
  • Otero, S. ., Barahona, N., & Dobbin, C. (2021). Affirmative Action in Centralized College Admission Systems: Evidence from Brazil  . Working Paper.
  • Goldin, J., Maag, E., & Michelmore, K. (2021). Estimating the Net Fiscal Cost of a Child Tax Credit Expansion . Working Paper.
  • Larsen, B., & Zhang, A. (2021). Quantifying Bargaining Power Under Incomplete Information: A Supply-Side Analysis of the Used-Car Industry . Working Paper.
  • Hall, A. (2021). State elections, policy choices, and accountability . Policy Brief.
  • Bartel, A., Rossin-Slater, M., Ruhm, C., Slopen, M., & Waldfogel, J. (2021). Support for Paid Family Leave among Small Employers Increases during the COVID-19 Pandemic . Working Paper.
  • Diamond, R., & Moretti, E. (2021). Where is Standard of Living the Highest? Local Prices and the Geography of Consumption . Working Paper.
  • Burke, M., Heft-Neal, S., Li, J., Driscoll, A., Baylis, P., Stigler, M., Weill, J., Burney, J., Wen, J., Childs, M., & Gould, C. (2021). Exposures and behavioral responses to wildfire smoke . Working Paper.
  • Andonov, A., Rauh, J., & de Zeeuw, M. (2021). Private investigations: Can institutional investors fill the infrastructure gap? . Policy Brief.
  • Xu, C. (2021). Reshaping Global Trade: The Immediate and Long-Run Effects of Bank Failures . Working Paper.
  • Atal, J. P., Cuesta, J. I., González, F., & Otero, C. (2021). The Economics of the Public Option: Evidence from Local Pharmaceutical Markets . Working Paper.
  • Goldin, J., & Michelmore, K. (2021). Who Benefits From the Child Tax Credit? . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., & Olmstead, S. (2021). A tale of two states: Contrasting economic policy in California and Texas . Policy Brief.
  • Finkelstein, A., Persson, P., Polyakova, M., & Shapiro, J. (2021). A Taste of Their Own Medicine: Guideline Adherence and Access to Expertise . Working Paper.
  • Barrero, J., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. (2021). Internet Access and Its Implications for Productivity, Inequality, and Resilience . Working Paper.
  • Cuesta, J. I., & Sepulveda, A. (2021). Price Regulation in Credit Markets: A Trade-off between Consumer Protection and Credit Access . Working Paper.
  • Chan, D., Gentzkow, M., & Yu, C. (2021). Selection with Variation in Diagnostic Skill: Evidence from Radiologists . Working Paper.
  • Fogli, A., & Pastorino, E. (2021). Challenges and opportunities from the pandemic in Europe: The case of Italy . Policy Brief.
  • Auclert, A., Malmberg, H., Martenet, F., & Rognlie, M. (2021). Demographics, Wealth, and Global Imbalances in the Twenty-First Century . Working Paper.
  • Freyberger, J., & Larsen, B. (2021). How Well Does Bargaining Work in Consumer Markets? A Robust Bounds Approach . Working Paper.
  • Larsen, B., Lu, C. H., & Zhang, A. L. (2021). Intermediaries in Bargaining: Evidence from Business-to-Business Used-Car Inventory Negotiations . Working Paper.
  • Adams, A., Kluender, R., Mahoney, N., Wang, J., Wong, F., & Yin, W. (2021). The Impact of Financial Assistance Programs on Health Care Utilization . Working Paper.
  • Keniston, D., Larsen, B., Li, S., Prescott, J., Silveira, B., & Yu, C. (2021). Fairness in Incomplete Information Bargaining: Theory and Widespread Evidence from the Field . Working Paper.
  • Jácome, E. (2021). How better access to mental health care can reduce crime . Policy Brief.
  • Goda, G. S., Jackson, E., Nicholas, L. H., & Stith, S. S. (2021). The Impact of Covid-19 on Older Workers’ Employment and Social Security Spillovers . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., & Mahoney, N. (2021). The IO of Selection Markets . Working Paper.
  • Allcott, H., Gentzkow, M., & Song, L. (2021). Digital Addiction . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Garthwaite, C., & Wang, A. Y. (2021). Heterogeneity in the Impact of Privatizing Social Health Insurance: Evidence from California’s Medicaid Program . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N. (2021). Hybrid is the future of work . Policy Brief.
  • Zeltzer, D., Einav, L., Rashba, J., & Balicer, R. (2021). The Impact of Increased Access to Telemedicine_ . Working Paper.
  • West, J., Fairlie, R., Pratt, B., & Rose, L. (2021). Automated Enforcement of Irrigation Regulations and Social Pressure for Water Conservation . Working Paper.
  • Auclert, A., Rognlie, M., Souchier, M., & Straub, L. (2021). Exchange Rates and Monetary Policy with Heterogeneous Agents: Sizing up the Real Income Channel . Working Paper.
  • Dupas, P., Modestino, A. S., Niederle, M., Wolfers, J., & Collective, S. D. (2021). Gender and the Dynamics of Economics Seminars . Working Paper.
  • Jackson, M. (2021). Policy cocktails: Attacking the roots of persistent inequality . Policy Brief.
  • Ramani, A., & Bloom, N. (2021). The Donut Effect of Covid-19 on Cities . Working Paper.
  • Bell, B., Bloom, N., & Blundell, J. (2021). This Time is Not so Different: Income Dynamics During the COVID-19 Recession . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Davis, S., Foster, L., Lucking, B., Ohlmacher, S., & Saporta-Eksten, I. (2021). Business-Level Expectations and Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2021). Madison’s Missing Branch . Working Paper.
  • Oliver, D., Fairlie, R., Millhauser, G., & Roland, R. (2021). Minority Student and Teaching Assistant Interactions in STEM . Working Paper.
  • Seru, A. (2021). On Target: Debt forbearance policies help curb pandemic financial woes . Policy Brief.
  • Bundorf, K., DeMatteis, J., Miller, G., Polyakova, M., Streeter, J., & Wivagg, J. (2021). Risk Perceptions and Protective Behaviors: Evidence from COVID-19 Pandemic . Working Paper.
  • Banerjee, A., Chandrasekhar, A., Dalpath, S., Duflo, E., Floretta, J., Jackson, M., Kannan, H., Loza, F., Sankar, A., Schrimpf, A., & Shrestha, M. (2021). Selecting the Most Effective Nudge: Evidence from a Large-Scale Experiment on Immunization . Working Paper.
  • Qian, F., & Tan, R. (2021). The Effects of High-skilled Firm Entry on Incumbent Residents . Working Paper.
  • Bartel, A., Rossin-Slater, M., Ruhm, C., Slopen, M., & Waldfogel, J. (2021). The Impact of Paid Family Leave on Employers: Evidence from New York . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S., & Sammon, M. (2021). What Triggers Stock Market Jumps? . Working Paper.
  • Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. (2021). Why Working from Home Will Stick . Working Paper.
  • Bai, J., Brynjolfsson, E., Jin, W., Steffen, S., & Wan, C. (2021). Digital Resilience: How Work-From-Home Feasibility Affects Firm Performance . Working Paper.
  • Greenwald, D., Leombroni, M., Lustig, H., & Van Nieuwerburgh, S. (2021). Financial and Total Wealth Inequality with Declining Interest Rates . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2021). Hours, Employment, and Earnings of American Manufacturing Workers From the Nineteenth to the Twentieth Centuries . Working Paper.
  • Yoder, J., Handan-Nader, C., Myers, A., Nowacki, T., Thompson, D., Wu, J., Yorgason, C., & Hall, A. (2021). How Did Absentee Voting Affect the 2020 U.S. Election? . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., & Morton, F. S. (2021). Platform Annexation . Working Paper.
  • Lin, J., Selden, G., Shoven, J., & Sialm, C. (2021). Replicating the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Working Paper.
  • Scur, D., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J., Lemos, R., & Bloom, N. (2021). The World Management Survey at 18: lessons and the way forward . Working Paper.
  • Li, H., & Rozelle, S. (2021). Tracking China’s economic path . Policy Brief.
  • Ding, H., Duggan, M., & Starc, A. (2021). Getting the Price Right? The Impact of Competitive Bidding in the Medicare Program . Working Paper.
  • Cochrane, J. (2021). Portfolios for long-term investors . Working Paper.
  • Chan, D., Duggan, M., & Guo, A. (2021). Soldiering on: Improving policies to benefit America’s veterans . Policy Brief.
  • Jha, S., & Shayo, M. (2021). Trading Stocks Builds Financial Confidence and Compresses the Gender Gap . Working Paper.
  • Persson, P., Qiu, X., & Rossin-Slater, M. (2021). Family Spillover Effects of Marginal Diagnoses: The Case of ADHD . Working Paper.
  • Cherry, S., Jiang, E. X., Matvos, G., Piskorski, T., & Seru, A. (2021). Government and Private Household Debt Relief during COVID-19 . Working Paper.
  • Cagé, J., Dagorret, A., Grosjean, P., & Jha, S. (2021). Heroes and Villains: The Effects of Combat Heroism on Autocratic Values and Nazi Collaboration in France . Working Paper.
  • Chandrasekhar, A., Goldsmith-Pinkham, P., Jackson, M., & Thau, S. (2021). Interacting Regional Policies in Containing a Disease . Working Paper.
  • Scott, J., Shoven, J., Slavov, S., & Watson, J. (2021). Is Automatic Enrollment Consistent with a Life Cycle Model? . Working Paper.
  • Ahuja, A., Athey, S., Baker, A., Budish, E., Castillo, J. C., Glennerster, R., Kominers, S. D., Kremer, M., Lee, J., Prendergast, C., Snyder, C., Tabarrok, A., Tan, B. J., & Wiecek, W. (2021). Preparing for a Pandemic: Accelerating Vaccine Availability . Working Paper.
  • Jones, C. (2021). Recipes and Economic Growth: A Combinatorial March Down an Exponential Tail . Working Paper.
  • Fairlie, R., & Fossen, F. (2021). Sales Losses in the First Quarter of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from California Administrative Data . Working Paper.
  • Goldin, J., Homonoff, T., Javaid, R., & Schafer, B. (2021). Tax Filing and Take-Up: Experimental Evidence on Tax Preparation Outreach and EITC Participation . Working Paper.
  • Ramani, A., & Bloom, N. (2021). The donut effect: How COVID-19 shapes real estate . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N., Fletcher, R., & Yeh, E. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on US Firms . Working Paper.
  • Bolte, L., Immorlica, N., & Jackson, M. (2021). The Role of Referrals in Immobility, Inequality, and Inefficiency in Labor Markets . Working Paper.
  • Zolas, N., Kroff, Z., Brynjolfsson, E., McElheran, K., Beede, D., Buffington, C., Goldschlag, N., Foster, L., & Dinlersoz, E. (2020). Advanced Technologies Adoption and Use by U.S. Firms: Evidence from the Annual Business Survey . Working Paper.
  • Banerjee, A., Breza, E., Chandrasekhar, A., Duflo, E., Jackson, M., & Kinnan, C. (2020). Changes in Social Network Structure in Response to Exposure to Formal Credit Markets . Working Paper.
  • Tambe, P., Hitt, L., Rock, D., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2020). Digital Capital and Superstar Firms . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M. (2020). Economic policy in a Biden administration . Policy Brief.
  • Bernheim, D., & Mueller-Gastell, J. (2020). Optimal Default Options: The Case for Opt-Out Minimization . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Skrzypacz, A. (2020). Reclaiming Spectrum from Incumbents in Inefficiently Allocated Bands: Transaction Costs, Competition, and Flexibility . Working Paper.
  • Larsen, B., Ju, Z., Kapor, A., & Yu, C. (2020). The Effect of Occupational Licensing Stringency on the Teacher Quality Distribution . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Mizen, P., Smietanka, P., & Thwaites, G. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Productivity . Working Paper.
  • Cabral, M., Kim, B., Rossin-Slater, M., Schnell, M., & Schwandt, H. (2020). Trauma at School: The Impacts of Shootings on Students’ Human Capital and Economic Outcomes . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., & Streeter, J. L. (2020). Wealth trajectories across key milestones: Longitudinal evidence from life-course transitions . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J., & Walton, D. (2020). An Analysis of the Performance of Target Date Funds . Working Paper.
  • Scott, J., Shoven, J., Slavov, S., & Watson, J. (2020). Can Low Retirement Savings Be Rationalized? . Working Paper.
  • Kremer, M., Levin, J., & Snyder, C. (2020). Designing Advance Market Commitments for New Vaccines . Working Paper.
  • Goodkin-Gold, M., Kremer, M., Snyder, C., & Williams, H. (2020). Optimal Vaccine Subsidies for Endemic and Epidemic Diseases . Working Paper.
  • Bulman, G., Fairlie, R., Goodman, S., & Isen, A. (2020). Parental Resources and College Attendance: Evidence from Lottery Wins . Working Paper.
  • Zeltzer, D., Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., Shir, T., Stemmer, S., & Balicer, R. (2020). Why is end-of-life spending so high? Evidence from cancer patients . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S., Baksy, A., Bloom, N., Davis, S., & Rodden, J. (2020). Elections, Political Polarization, and Economic Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Couch, K., Fairlie, R., & Xu, H. (2020). Gender and the COVID-19 Labor Market Downturn . Working Paper.
  • Hall, A. (2020). How does vote-by-mail change American elections? . Policy Brief.
  • Fernández-Villaverde, J., & Jones, C. (2020). Macroeconomic Outcomes and COVID-19: A Progress Report . Working Paper.
  • Burke, M., Heft-Neal, S., & Wara, M. (2020). Managing the growing cost of wildfire . Policy Brief.
  • Robles, S., Gross, M., & Fairlie, R. (2020). The Effect of Course Shutouts on Community College Students: Evidence from Waitlist Cutoffs . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D., Buchmann, N., Freitas-Groff, Z., & Otero, S. (2020). The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2020). The Performance of Consumers’ Cooperatives in America . Working Paper.
  • Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Ferguson, B., Gentzkow, M., & Goldman, B. (2020). What Explains Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Early Us Coronavirus Pandemic? . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Guo, A., & Johnston, A. (2020). Unemployment during the pandemic: How to avoid going for broke . Policy Brief.
  • Fronsdal, T., Bhattacharya, J., & Tamang, S. (2020). Variation in Health Care Prices Across Public and Private Payers . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J., & Mallery, J. (2020). In-person and online learning go together . Policy Brief.
  • Jappelli, T., & Pistaferri, L. (2020). Permanent Income Shocks, Target Wealth, and the Wealth Gap . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Boustan, L., Eriksson, K., Feigenbaum, J., & Pérez, S. (2020). Automated Linking of Historical Data . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Ferguson, B., Gentzkow, M., & Schmidt, T. (2020). Experienced Segregation . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Boustan, L., Jácome, E., & Pérez, S. (2020). Intergenerational Mobility of Immigrants in the US over Two Centuries . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Boustan, L., & Connor, D. (2020). Leaving the Enclave: Historical Evidence on Immigrant Mobility from the Industrial Removal Office . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Ager, P., Boustan, L., Cohen, E., & Hansen, C. (2020). The Effects of Immigration on the Economy: Lessons from the 1920s Border Closure . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Lavy, V., & Pérez, S. (2020). The Long-Term Spillover Effects of Changes in the Return to Schooling . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., & Halaburda, H. (2020). Were Jews in Interwar Poland More Educated? . Working Paper.
  • Wagner, K. (2020). Why is reforming natural disaster insurance markets so hard? . Policy Brief.
  • Fernández-Villaverde, J., & Jones, C. (2020). Estimating and Simulating a SIRD Model of COVID-19 for Many Countries, States, and Cities . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N. (2020). How working from home works out . Policy Brief.
  • Akbarpour, M., Cook, C., Marzuoli, A., Mongey, S., Nagaraj, A., Saccarola, M., Tebaldi, P., Vasserman, S., & Yang, H. (2020). Socioeconomic Network Heterogeneity and Pandemic Policy Response . Working Paper.
  • Diamond, R., Guren, A., & Tan, R. (2020). The Effect of Foreclosures on Homeowners, Tenants, and Landlords . Working Paper.
  • Fairlie, R. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: Continued Losses and the Partial Rebound in May 2020 . Working Paper.
  • Hall, R., Jones, C., & Klenow, P. (2020). Trading Off Consumption and COVID-19 Deaths . Working Paper.
  • Biggs, A., & Rauh, J. (2020). Funding Direct Payments to Americans through Social Security Deferral . Working Paper.
  • Blundell, J., Bloom, N., Pistaferri, L., & Bell, B. (2020). Softening the pandemic’s blow to workers . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N. (2020). The bright future of working from home . Essay.
  • Fairlie, R. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Small Business Owners: Evidence of Early-Stage Losses from the April 2020 Current Population Survey . Working Paper.
  • Couch, K., Fairlie, R., & Xu, H. (2020). The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment: First Evidence from April 2020 CPS Microdata . Working Paper.
  • Polyakova, M., Andrews, J., Luby, S., & Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. (2020). Can masks help with reopening the economy? . Policy Brief.
  • Farronato, C., Fradkin, A., Larsen, B., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2020). Consumer Protection in an Online World: An Analysis of Occupational Licensing . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S., & Terry, S. (2020). COVID-Induced Economic Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Freyberger, J., & Larsen, B. (2020). Identification in Ascending Auctions, with an Application to Digital Rights Management . Working Paper.
  • Klenow, P., & Li, H. (2020). Innovative Growth Accounting . Working Paper.
  • Bailey, M., Hoynes, H., Rossin-Slater, M., & Walker, R. (2020). Is the Social Safety Net a Long-Term Investment? Large-Scale Evidence from the Food Stamps Program . Working Paper.
  • Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. (2020). Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic . Working Paper.
  • Coey, D., Larsen, B., Sweeney, K., & Waisman, C. (2020). Scalable Optimal Online Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Garmaise, M., Levi, Y., & Lustig, H. (2020). Spending Less After (Seemingly) Bad News . Working Paper.
  • Thompson, D., Wu, J., Yoder, J., & Hall, A. (2020). The Neutral Partisan Effects of Vote-by-Mail: Evidence from County-Level Roll-Outs . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2020). Wage Differentials, Bargaining Protocols, and Trade Unionism in Mid-Twentieth Century American Labor Markets . Working Paper.
  • Toloui, R. (2020). What the IMF can do now to confront COVID-19 . Policy Brief.
  • Toloui, R. (2020). How do the Federal Reserve’s new tools really work? . Policy Brief.
  • Ma, Y., Fairlie, R., Loyalka, P., & Rozelle, S. (2020). Isolating the "Tech" from EdTech: Experimental Evidence on Computer Assisted Learning in China . Working Paper.
  • Kremer, M., Levin, J., & Snyder, C. (2020). Advance Market Commitments: Insights from Theory and Experience . Working Paper.
  • Benami, E., Ho, D., & McDonough, A. (2020). Innovations for environmental compliance: emerging evidence and opportunities . Policy Brief.
  • Jones, C. (2020). The End of Economic Growth? Unintended Consequences of a Declining Population . Working Paper.
  • Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2020). Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization . Working Paper.
  • Low, H., & Pistaferri, L. (2020). Disability Insurance: Error Rates and Gender Differences . Working Paper.
  • Meckel, K., Rossin-Slater, M., & Uniat, L. (2020). Efficiency Versus Equity in the Provision of In-Kind Benefits: Evidence from Cost Containment in the California WIC Program . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Wallsten, S. (2020). Increasing Low-Income Broadband Adoption through Private Incentives . Working Paper.
  • Larsen, B., Chetverikov, D., & Palmer, C. (2020). Low-wage earners hit hardest by trade with China . Policy Brief.
  • Auclert, A., Rognlie, M., & Straub, L. (2020). Micro Jumps, Macro Humps: Monetary Policy and Business Cycles in an Estimated HANK Model . Working Paper.
  • Jayachandran, S. (2020). Microentrepreneurship in Developing Countries . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Bryan, K., & Gans, J. (2020). The Allocation of Decision Authority to Human and Artificial Intelligence . Working Paper.
  • Gelber, A., Jones, D., Sacks, D., & Song, J. (2020). The Employment Effects of the Social Security Earnings Test . Working Paper.
  • Rossin-Slater, M., Schnell, M., Schwandt, H., Trejo, S., & Uniat, L. (2019). Local Exposure to School Shootings and Youth Antidepressant Use . Working Paper.
  • Ho, D., & Handan-Nader, C. (2019). Did Restaurant Hygiene Grading in Los Angeles Immediately Reduce Foodborne Illness by 20% Across All of Southern California? A Response to Jin & Leslie . Working Paper.
  • Baldauf, M., & Mollner, J. (2019). High-Frequency Trading and Market Performance . Working Paper.
  • Toloui, R. (2019). HOW DID QUANTITATIVE EASING REALLY WORK? A New Methodology for Measuring the Fed’s Impact on Financial Markets . Working Paper.
  • Ketcham, J. (2019). To reduce Alzheimer’s disease, clean up the air . Policy Brief.
  • Baldauf, M., & Mollner, J. (2019). Trading in Fragmented Markets . Working Paper.
  • Lemley, M., & McKenna, M. (2019). Unfair Disruption . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., & Chen, S. (2019). Brexit: A near-ideal test of uncertainty’s economic effects . Policy Brief.
  • Kim, J., Lee, A., & Rossin-Slater, M. (2019). What to Expect When It Gets Hotter: The Impacts of Prenatal Exposure to Extreme Heat on Maternal and Infant Health . Working Paper.
  • Miller, G., Bendavid, E., & Brooks, N. (2019). How US government restrictions on foreign aid for abortion services backfired . Policy Brief.
  • Jarosch, G., Nimczik, J. S., & Sorkin, I. (2019). Granular Search, Market Structure, and Wages . Working Paper.
  • Klenow, P. (2019). How valuable is e-commerce? . Policy Brief.
  • Imbens, G. (2019). Potential Outcome and Directed Acyclic Graph Approaches to Causality: Relevance for Empirical Practice in Economics . Working Paper.
  • Cochrane, J. (2019). The Fiscal Roots of Inflation . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Chen, S., Mizen, P., Smietanka, P., & Thwaites, G. (2019). The Impact of Brexit on UK Firms . Working Paper.
  • Cochrane, J. (2019). The Value of Government Debt . Working Paper.
  • Bundorf, K., & Polyakova, M. (2019). Can machine-based advice help you make better financial decisions? . Policy Brief.
  • Polinsky, M., & Shavell, S. (2019). Deterrence and the Adjustment of Sentences During Imprisonment . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., Oostrom, T., Ostriker, A., & Williams, H. (2019). Screening and Selection: The Case of Mammograms . Working Paper.
  • Lenel, M., Piazzesi, M., & Schneider, M. (2019). The short rate disconnect in a monetary economy . Working Paper.
  • Donnelly, R., Ruiz, F., Blei, D., & Athey, S. (2019). Counterfactual inference for consumer choice across many product categories . Working Paper.
  • Bundorf, K., Polyakova, M., & Tai-Seale, M. (2019). How do humans interact with algorithms? Experimental evidence from health insurance . Working Paper.
  • Finkelstein, A., Gentzkow, M., & Williams, H. (2019). Place-Based Drivers of Mortality: Evidence from Migration . Working Paper.
  • Alexander, D., & Schwandt, H. (2019). The impact of car pollution on infant and child health: Evidence from emissions cheating . Working Paper.
  • Hall, A. (2019). Want to reduce polarization in Congress? Make moderates a better job offer . Policy Brief.
  • Goda, G. S., Levy, M., Manchester, C. F., Sojourner, A., & Tasoff, J. (2019). Who is a Passive Saver Under Opt-In and Auto-Enrollment? . Working Paper.
  • Hodgson, C. (2019). Information externalities, free riding, and optimal exploration in the UK oil industry . Working Paper.
  • Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2019). The World Uncertainty Index . Working Paper.
  • Persson, P., & Rossin-Slater, M. (2019). When dad can stay home: fathers’ workplace flexibility and maternal health . Working Paper.
  • Burke, M., & Tanutama, V. (2019). Climatic constraints on aggregate economic output . Working Paper.
  • Coey, D., Larsen, B., & Brigham, B. P. (2019). Discounts and deadlines in consumer search . Working Paper.
  • Schwandt, H. (2019). Recession Graduates: The Long-lasting Effects of an Unlucky Draw . Policy Brief.
  • Barrero, J. M. (2019). The micro and macro of managerial beliefs . Working Paper.
  • Auclert, A., Dobbie, W., & Goldsmith-Pinkham, P. (2019). Macroeconomic effects of debt relief: consumer bankruptcy protections in the great recession . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., Davis, S., & Kost, K. (2019). Policy news and stock market volatility . Working Paper.
  • Cabral, M. (2019). Who Benefits from Increasing Health Insurance Subsidies: Patients or Providers? . Policy Brief.
  • Dolfen, P., Einav, L., Klenow, P., Klopack, B., Levin, J., Levin, L., & Best, W. (2019). Assessing the gains from e-commerce . Working Paper.
  • Mohanan, M., Donato, K., Miller, G., Trustinovsky, Y., & Vera-Hernandez, M. (2019). Different strokes for different folks: experimental evidence on the effectiveness of input and output incentive contracts for health care providers . Working Paper.
  • Ho, D., Handan-Nader, C., Ames, D., & Marcus, D. (2019). Quality review of mass adjudication: a randomized natural experiment at the board of veterans appeals, 2003-16 . Working Paper.
  • Alsan, M., Atella, V., Bhattacharya, J., Conti, V., Mejí­a-Guevara, I., & Miller, G. (2019). Technological progress and health convergence: the case of penicillin in post-war Italy . Working Paper.
  • Schnell, M. (2019). The Opioid Crisis: Tragedy, Treatments and Trade-offs . Policy Brief.
  • Duggan, M., & Coile, C. (2019). When labor’s lost: health, family life, incarceration, and education in a time of declining economic opportunity for low-skilled men . Working Paper.
  • Hoxby, C., & Turner, S. (2019). Measuring opportunity in U.S. higher education . Working Paper.
  • Yagan, D. (2019). Tax Avoidance at the Top . Policy Brief.
  • Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2019). The welfare effects of social media . Working Paper.
  • Honigsberg, C., & Jacob, M. (2018). Deleting misconduct: the expungement of BrokerCheck records . Working Paper.
  • Abramson, B., & Shayo, M. (2018). International integration and social identity . Working Paper.
  • Baylis, P., & Boomhower, J. (2018). Moral hazard, wildfires, and the economic incidence of natural disasters . Working Paper.
  • Seru, A. (2018). Regulation of the Mortgage Market Must Consider Shadow Banks . Policy Brief.
  • Admati, A., & Hellwig, M. (2018). Bank leverage, welfare, and regulation . Working Paper.
  • Allen, T., Dobbin, C., & Morten, M. (2018). Border walls . Working Paper.
  • Bhattacharya, J., & Packalen, M. (2018). Encouraging Edge Science through NIH Funding Practices . Policy Brief.
  • Handan-Nader, C., Ho, D., & Elias, B. (2018). Feasible policy evaluation by design: A randomized synthetic stepped-wedge trial in King County . Working Paper.
  • Chen, Y., Persson, P., & Polyakova, M. (2018). The roots of health inequality and the value of intra-family expertise . Working Paper.
  • Dee, T., & Murphy, M. (2018). How Strict Immigration Enforcement Harms Schoolchildren . Policy Brief.
  • Bana, S., Bedard, K., Rossin-Slater, M., & Stearns, J. (2018). Unequal use of social insurance benefits: The role of employers . Working Paper.
  • Gensowski, M., Rossin-Slater, M., Nielsen, T. H., Wust, M., & Nielsen, N. M. (2018). Childhood health shocks, comparative advantage, and long-term outcomes: evidence from the last Danish polio epidemic . Working Paper.
  • Duffie, D. (2018). Compression auctions with an application to LIBOR-SOFR swap conversion . Working Paper.
  • Alsan, M., Garrick, O., & Graziani, G. (2018). Does diversity matter for health? Experimental evidence from Oakland . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., & Luca, M. (2018). Economists (and economics) in tech companies . Working Paper.
  • Lee, Y. S. (2018). Modern management and the demand for technical skill . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2018). The Future of Hours of Work? . Policy Brief.
  • Allcott, H., Gentzkow, M., & Yu, C. (2018). Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media . Working Paper.
  • Dee, T., & Murphy, M. (2018). Vanished classmates: the effects of local immigration enforcement on student enrollment . Working Paper.
  • Shayo, M., & Jha, S. (2018). Learning by trading . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., & Mahoney, N. (2018). Long-term care hospitals: a case study in waste . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2018). Reports of the Demise of Carbon Pricing are Greatly Exaggerated* . Policy Brief.
  • Bana, S., Bedard, K., & Rossin-Slater, M. (2018). The impacts of paid family leave benefits: regression kink Evidence from california administrative data . Working Paper.
  • Finkelstein, A., Gentzkow, M., & Williams, H. (2018). What drives prescription opioid abuse? Evidence from migration . Working Paper.
  • Webb, M., Bloom, N., Short, N., & Lerner, J. (2018). Some facts of high-tech patenting . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., & Carril, R. (2018). The impact of industry consolidation on government procurement: evidence from DoD contracting . Working Paper.
  • Fafchamps, M., & Cassidy, R. (2018). Banker my neighbour: matching and financial intermediation in savings groups . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Bloom, N., Li, H., Qian, F., & Cheng, H. (2018). Do CEOs know best? Evidence from China . Working Paper.
  • Alsan, M., & Yang, C. (2018). Fear and the safety net: evidence from secure communities . Working Paper.
  • Tanaka, M., Bloom, N., David, J., & Koga, M. (2018). Firm performance and macro forecast accuracy . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Sun, S. T., Manova, K., Yu, Z., & Van Reenen, J. (2018). Managing trade: evidence from China and the US . Working Paper.
  • Hoffman, I. (2018). Mortgage guaranties, housing choice, and borrower riskiness evidence from the VA home loan program . Working Paper.
  • Cook, C., Diamond, R., Hall, J., List, J., & Oyer, P. (2018). The gender earnings gap in the gig economy: evidence from over a million rideshare drivers* . Working Paper.
  • Tintelnot, F. (2018). Trade Policy, Trade Deficits, and Global Production Networks . Policy Brief.
  • Gelber, A., Jones, D., Sacks, D., & Song, J. (2018). Using non-linear budget sets to estimate extensive margin responses: method and evidence from the Social Security earnings test . Working Paper.
  • Alfaro, L., Legros, P., Bloom, N., Newman, A., Conconi, P., Sadun, R., Fadinger, H., & Van Reenan, J. (2018). Come together: firm boundaries and delegation . Working Paper.
  • Lucking, B., Van Reenen, J., & Bloom, N. (2018). Have R&D spillovers changed? . Working Paper.
  • Gelber, A., Moore, T., & Strand, A. (2018). New Evidence Shows Larger Benefits of Disability Insurance Income . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N., Alfaro, I., & Lin, X. (2018). The finance uncertainty multiplier . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Gupta, A., & Jackson, E. (2018). The impact of the Affordable Care Act: evidence from California’s hospital sector . Working Paper.
  • Fuchs, V., & Eggleston, K. (2018). Life Expectancy and Inequality in Life Expectancy in the United States . Policy Brief.
  • Ichihashi, S. (2018). Online privacy and information disclosure by consumers* . Working Paper.
  • Goldsmith-Pinkham, P., Sorkin, I., & Swift, H. (2018). Bartik instruments: what, when, why, and how . Working Paper.
  • Baker, R., Dee, T., Evans, B., & John, J. (2018). Bias in online classes: evidence from a field experiment . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2018). Collusion in college sports: Edward C. O’Bannon, et al., v. NCAA, et al. (2015) . Working Paper.
  • Shapiro, J., & Hastings, J. (2018). How are snap benefits spent? Evidence from a retail panel . Working Paper.
  • Seru, A. (2018). Misconduct Under the Microscope: Examining Bad Behavior by Financial Advisers . Policy Brief.
  • Rosin-Slater, M. (2018). Easing the Burden: Why Paid Family Leave Policies are Gaining Steam . Policy Brief.
  • Low, H., Meghir, C., Pistaferri, L., & Voena, A. (2018). Marriage, labor supply and the dynamics of the social safety net* . Working Paper.
  • Hoffman, M., & Tadelis, S. (2018). People management skills, employee attrition, and manager rewards: an empirical analysis . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2018). Net Neutrality: Changing Regulations Won’t Kill the Internet . Policy Brief.
  • Tan, Z. (2018). RBC LiONS(TM) S&P 500 Buffered Protection Securities (USD) Series 4 Analysis Option Pricing Analysis, Issuing Company Riskhedging Analysis, and Recommended Investment Strategy . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2018). RULES VERSUS DISCRETION: ASSESSING THE DEBATE OVER THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY . Working Paper.
  • Bronshtein, G., Scott, J., Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. (2018). The Power of Working Longer . Working Paper.
  • Antill, S., & Duffie, D. (2017). Augmenting Markets with Mechanisms . Working Paper.
  • Berndt, A., Douglas, R., Duffie, D., & Ferguson, M. (2017). Corporate Credit Risk Premia . Working Paper.
  • Hvide, H., & Oyer, P. (2017). Dinner Table Human Capital and Entrepreneurship . Working Paper.
  • Stantcheva, S. (2017). Tax Reform: An Optimal Equation . Policy Brief.
  • Ho, D., Ashwood, Z., & Handan-Nader, C. (2017). The False Promise of Simple Information Disclosure: New Evidence on Restaurant Hygiene Grading . Working Paper.
  • Bell, A., Jaravel, X., Chetty, R., Petkova, N., & Van Reenen, J. (2017). Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation . Working Paper.
  • Nation, J., Tulloch, O. N., & Lipshitz, C. (2017). Analysis of City of San Jose Retirement Plans Investment Portfolios . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Imbens, G., & Wager, S. (2017). Approximate Residual Balancing: De-Biased Inference of Average Treatment Effects in High Dimensions . Working Paper.
  • Colonnelli, E., & Prem, M. (2017). Corruption and firms: evidence from randomized audits in brazil . Working Paper.
  • Gelber, A., Jones, D., & Sacks, D. (2017). Estimating earnings adjustment frictions: method and evidence from the social security earnings test . Working Paper.
  • Abadie, A., Athey, S., Imbens, G., & Wooldridge, J. (2017). Finite Population Causal Standard Errors . Working Paper.
  • Sorkin, I., Shapiro, M., & Flaaen, A. (2017). Reconsidering the Consequences of Worker Displacements: Firm versus Worker Perspective . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2017). Retail Pricing to Support the 21st Century Distribution Grid . Policy Brief.
  • Kurlat, P. (2017). The Social Value of Financial Expertise . Working Paper.
  • Della Vigna, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Uniform Pricing in US Retail Chains . Working Paper.
  • Jones, C., Aghion, P., & Jones, B. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth . Working Paper.
  • Pistaferri, L., Saporta-Eksten, I., & Blundell, R. (2017). Children, time allocation and consumption insurance* . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., & Wager, S. (2017). Efficient Policy Learning . Working Paper.
  • Cox, N. (2017). Payback Time: Easing the Burden of Student Loans . Policy Brief.
  • Nation, J. (2017). Pension Math: Public Pension Spending and Service Crowd Out in California, 2003-2030 . Working Paper.
  • Sorkin, I. (2017). Ranking Firms Using Revealed Preference . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, P., Weyl, G., & Zhang, A. L. (2017). Redesigning Spectrum Licenses to Encourage Innovation and Investment . Working Paper.
  • Abadie, A., Athey, S., Imbens, G., & Wooldridge, J. (2017). When Should You Adjust Standard Errors for Clustering? . Working Paper.
  • Bagwell, K., Staiger, R., & Yurukoglu, A. (2017). "Nash-in-Nash" Tariff Bargaining with and without MFN . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Jones, C., Van Reenen, J., & Webb, M. (2017). Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find? . Working Paper.
  • Persson, P. (2017). Attention Manipulation and Information Overload . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M. (2017). How to Heal Obamacare . Policy Brief.
  • Bulow, J. (2017). The "California Rule" and Public Pensions . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Catalini, C., & Tucker, C. (2017). The Digital Privacy Paradox: Small Money, Small Costs, Small Talk . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Parashkevov, I., Sarukkai, V., & Xia, J. (2017). Bitcoin Pricing, Adoption, and Usage: Theory and Evidence . Working Paper.
  • Nguyen, B., Volla, S., & Wong, A. (2017). Risky Business: Bank Loans to Local Governments . Policy Brief.
  • Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Wright, I. (2017). Short and Long Run Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Tibshirani, J., & Wager, S. (2017). Generalized Random Forests . Working Paper.
  • Bernstein, S., Lerner, J., & Mezzanotti, F. (2017). Private Equity and Financial Fragility During the Crisis . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Goda, G. S., & Jackson, E. (2017). The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage and Labor Market Outcomes . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Chetty, R., Imbens, G., & Kang, H. (2017). Estimating Treatment Effects using Multiple Surrogates: The Role of the Surrogate Score and the Surrogate Index . Working Paper.
  • Kurz, M. (2017). On the Formation of Capital and Wealth: IT, Monopoly Power and Rising Inequality . Working Paper.
  • Luca, M. (2017). What Yelp data can tell us about the minimum wage (and other policies) . Policy Brief.
  • Polinsky, M., & Riskind, P. (2017). Deterrence and the optimal use of prison, parole and probation . Working Paper.
  • Fairlie, R. (2017). Financing Black-Owned Businesses . Policy Brief.
  • Fairlie, R. (2017). Addressing Path Dependence and Incorporating Sample Weights in the Nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition Technique for Logit, Probit and Other Nonlinear Models . Working Paper.
  • Fairlie, R., & Fossen, F. (2017). Defining opportunity versus necessity entrepreneurship: two components of business creation . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R. (2017). What History Tells Us about Assimilation of Immigrants . Policy Brief.
  • Polinsky, M., & Shavell, S. (2017). Subrogation and the Theory of Insurance When Suits Can Be Brought for Losses Suffered . Working Paper.
  • Bronshtein, G. (2017). The Consequences of the Housing Boom on Local Government Debt . Working Paper.
  • Fairlie, R., & Bahr, P. R. (2017). The Labor Market Returns to Computer Skills: Evidence from a Field Experiment and California UI Earnings Records . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Brynjolfsson, E., Foster, L., Jarmin, R., Patnaik, M., Saporta-Eksten, I., & Van Reenen, J. (2017). What Drives Differences in Management? . Working Paper.
  • Kolstad, C. (2017). What Is Killing the US Coal Industry? . Policy Brief.
  • Fairlie, R., Robb, A., & Robinson, D. (2017). Black and White: Access to Capital among Minority-Owned Startups . Working Paper.
  • Teryoshin, Y. (2017). Historical Performance of Rule-Like Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Saavedra, S., & Romero, M. (2017). Local incentives and national tax evasion: The response of illegal mining to a tax reform in Colombia . Working Paper.
  • Bernstein, S. (2017). When Businesses Go Bust: Liquidate or Reorganize? . Policy Brief.
  • Davidson, J., & Levin, J. (2017). Changes to Medicare under the Affordable Care Act . Policy Brief.
  • Ramnath, S., Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. N. (2017). Pathways to Retirement and the Self-Employed . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M. (2017). Prison Work Programs in a Model of Deterrence . Working Paper.
  • Lenel, M. (2017). Safe Assets, Collateralized Lending and Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Fairlie, R., & Kalil, A. (2017). The Effects of Computers on Children’s Social Development and School Participation: Evidence from a Randomized Control Experiment . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Mobius, M., & Pal, J. (2017). The Impact of Aggregators on Internet News Consumption . Working Paper.
  • Auclert, A. (2016). What Higher Interest Rates Could Mean for You . Policy Brief.
  • Rosston, G. (2016). Ten Important Economic Policy Areas for President-elect Trump . Policy Brief.
  • Diamond, R. (2016). When Affordable Housing Moves in Next Door . Policy Brief.
  • Polyakova, M. (2016). Health Insurance: Choices, Changes, and Policy Challenges . Policy Brief.
  • Decarolis, F., Pacini, R., & Spagnolo, G. (2016). Contractors’ Past Performance and Procurement Outcomes: A Firm-level Experiment . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Van Zon, A. (2016). Designing an Optimal ’Tech Fix’ Path to Global Climate Stability: Directed R&D and Embodied Technical Change in a Multi-phase Framework . Working Paper.
  • Dupas, P., Karlan, D., Robinson, J., & Ubfal, D. (2016). Banking the Unbanked? Evidence from three countries . Working Paper.
  • Looney, A., & Yannelis, C. (2016). Is High Student Loan Debt Always a Problem? . Policy Brief.
  • Cochrane, J. (2016). Macro-Finance . Working Paper.
  • Gentzkow, M., Shapiro, J., & Tady, M. (2016). Measuring Polarization in High-Dimensional Data: Method and Application to Congressional Speech . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2016). Recovery from work and the productivity of working hours . Working Paper.
  • Carroll, G., & Meng, D. (2016). Robust Contracting with Additive Noise . Working Paper.
  • Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Wright, I. (2016). Short and Long Run Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Duffie, D., & Zhu, H. (2016). Size Discovery . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., & Schrimpf, P. (2016). Bunching at The Kink: Implications for Spending Responses to Health Insurance Contracts . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Boustan, L., & Eriksson, K. (2016). Cultural Assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration . Working Paper.
  • Kowalski, A. (2016). Doing More When You’re Running LATE: Applying Marginal Treatment Effect Methods to Examine Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Experiments . Working Paper.
  • Lahey, J. (2016). Race, Age, and Hiring Discrimination . Policy Brief.
  • Gottlieb, J. (2016). Does Job Protection Encourage Entrepreneurship? . Policy Brief.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., & Polyakova, M. (2016). Private provision of social insurance: drug-speci c price elasticities and cost sharing in Medicare Part D . Working Paper.
  • Fafachamps, M., Soderbom, M., & Vanden Boogaart, M. (2016). Adoption with Social Learning and Network Externalities . Working Paper.
  • Wang, C. (2016). Core-Periphery Trading Networks . Working Paper.
  • Opper, I. (2016). Does Helping John Help Sue? Evidence of Spillovers in Education . Working Paper.
  • Tebaldi, P. (2016). Estimating Equilibrium in Health Insurance Exchanges: Price Competition and Subsidy Design under the ACA . Working Paper.
  • Popov, I. (2016). Homeless Programs and Social Insurance . Working Paper.
  • Gonzales, F., & Prem, M. (2016). Losing Your Dictator: Firms During Political Transition . Working Paper.
  • Leslie, G. (2016). Tax Induced Emissions? Estimating short-run emission impacts from carbon taxation under different electricity market structures . Working Paper.
  • Chichilnisky, G., & Hammond, P. (2016). The Kyoto Protocol and Beyond: Pareto Improvements to Policies that Mitigate Climate Change . Working Paper.
  • Xing, Y. (2016). Who Shares Risk with Whom and How? Endogenous Matching and Selection of Risk Sharing Equilibria . Working Paper.
  • Boomhower, J. (2016). A Well-Oiled Approach to Keep Small Firms Environmentally Accountable . Policy Brief.
  • Xu, R. (2016). High-Skilled Migration and Global Innovation . Working Paper.
  • Li, S. (2016). Obviously Strategy-Proof Mechanisms . Working Paper.
  • Huang, J., & Rios, J. (2016). Optimal Tax Mix with Income Tax Non-compliance . Working Paper.
  • Morantz, A. (2016). Rejecting the Grand Bargain: What Happens When Large Companies Opt Out of Workers’ Compensation? . Working Paper.
  • Moretti, E., & Wilson, D. (2016). The Effect of State Taxes on the Geographical Location of Top Earners: Evidence from Star Scientists . Working Paper.
  • Clemens, J. (2016). The Low-Skilled Labor Market from 2002 to 2014: Measurement and Mechanisms . Working Paper.
  • Clemens, J., D.Gottlieb, J., & Molnar, T. L. (2016). The Anatomy of Physician Payments: Contracting Subject to Complexity . Working Paper.
  • Diamond, R., & Persson, P. (2016). The Long-term Consequences of Teacher Discretion in Grading of High-stakes Tests . Working Paper.
  • Giorcelli, M. (2016). The Long-Term Effects of Management and Technology Transfer: Evidence from the US Productivity Program . Working Paper.
  • Clemens, J. (2016). The Minimum Wage and the Great Recession: Evidence from the Current Population Survey . Working Paper.
  • Clemens, J. (2016). The Minimum Wage and the Market for Low-Skilled Labor: Why a Decade Can Make a Difference . Policy Brief.
  • Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Lin, F., Majerovitz, J., & Scuderi, B. (2016). Childhood Environment And Gender Gaps In Adulthood . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Skrzypacz, A. (2016). Moving from Broadcast Television to Mobile Broadband: The FCC’s 2016 Incentive Auction . Policy Brief.
  • Goda, G. S., Farid, M., & Bhattacharya, J. (2016). The Incidence of Mandated Health Insurance: Evidence From the Affordable Care Act Dependent Care Mandate . Working Paper.
  • Drenik, A. (2015). Labor Market Dynamics after Nominal Devaluations . Working Paper.
  • Garcia-Macia, D., & Villacorta, A. (2015). Macroprudential Policy and Liquidity Panics . Working Paper.
  • Eren, E. (2015). Matching Prime Brokers and Hedge Funds . Working Paper.
  • Rauh, J. (2015). State Taxation and the Reallocation of Business Activity . Policy Brief.
  • Garcia-Macia, D. (2015). The Financing of Ideas and the Great Deviation . Working Paper.
  • Burke, M. (2015). What’s the Climate Worth? . Policy Brief.
  • Decarolis, F., & Guglielmo, A. (2015). Insurers Response to Selection Risk: Evidence from Medicare Enrollment Reforms . Working Paper.
  • Best, M. (2015). When Interest Rates Go Up, What Will This Mean For the Mortgage Market and the Wider Economy? . Policy Brief.
  • Shoven, J. (2015). Life in the Slow Lane: The Rate of Growth of Potential Output of the U.S. Economy . Policy Brief.
  • Bagwell, K., Staiger, R., & Yurukoglu, A. (2015). Multilateral Trade Bargaining: A First Look at the GATT Bargaining Records . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Farronato, C., & Levin, J. (2015). Peer-to-Peer Markets . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2015). "To Promote the General Welfare": Addressing Political Corruption in America . Working Paper.
  • Dickstein, M., & Morales, E. (2015). What do Experts Know? . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2015). Whose Preferences Are Revealed In Hours Of Work? . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., Kluender, R., & Schrimpf, P. (2015). Beyond statistics: the economic content of risk scores . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M. (2015). Deterrence and the Optimality of Rewarding Prisoners for Good Behavior . Working Paper.
  • Exley, C. (2015). Excusing Selfishness in Charitable Giving: The Role of Risk . Working Paper.
  • Wright, I. (2015). Firm Investment and the Term Structure of Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Baldauf, M., & Mollner, J. (2015). High-Frequency Trading and Market Performance . Working Paper.
  • Li, H. (2015). Leverage and Productivity . Working Paper.
  • Dickstein, M., & Smith, T. (2015). Quantifying the Supply Response of Private Schools to Public Policies . Working Paper.
  • Perez, D. (2015). Sovereign Debt, Domestic Banks and the Provision of Public Liquidity . Working Paper.
  • Makridis, C. (2015). The Elasticity of Air Quality: Evidence from Millions of Households Across the United States . Working Paper.
  • Naecker, J. (2015). The Lives of Others: Predicting Donations with Non-Choice Responses . Working Paper.
  • Terry, S. (2015). The Macro Impact of Short-Termism . Working Paper.
  • Baldauf, M., & Mollner, J. (2015). Trading in Fragmented Markets . Working Paper.
  • Tebaldi, P. (2015). Estimating Equilibrium in Health Insurance Exchanges: Analysis of the Californian Market under the ACA . Working Paper.
  • Smith, T. (2015). Private Equity Investment in India: Efficiency vs Expansion . Working Paper.
  • Kurz, M. (2015). Stabilizing Wage Policy . Working Paper.
  • Bianchi, N. (2015). The General Effects of Educational Expansion . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G., Levy, M., Manchester, C., Sojourner, A., & Tasoff, J. (2015). The Role of Exponential-Growth Bias and Present Bias in Retirement Savings . Policy Brief.
  • Chan, J. (2015). Trade Intermediation, Financial Frictions, and the Gains from Trade . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2015). What Would Madison Say? Calling Strikes in the Political Ballpark . Working Paper.
  • Donaldson, D. (2015). Can International Trade Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change? . Policy Brief.
  • Smith, T. (2015). Is Private Equity Investment Good For Indian Companies? . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2015). Zvi Griliches and the Economics of Technology Diffusion: Linking innovation adoption, lagged investments, and productivity growth . Working Paper.
  • Morten, M. (2015). Internal Migration and Social Safety Nets in India . Policy Brief.
  • Kurz, M., Motolese, M., Piccillo, G., & Wu, H. (2015). Monetary Policy with Diverse Private Expectations . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2015). The End of Expensive Oil? . Policy Brief.
  • Dickstein, M. (2015). Choice and Affordability in the ACA’s Health Insurance Exchanges . Policy Brief.
  • David, P., & Van Zon, A. (2015). Designing an Optimal ’Tech Fix’ Path to Global Climate Stability: Integrated Dynamic Requirements Analysis for the ’Tech Fix’ . Working Paper.
  • Besstremyannaya, G. (2015). Heterogeneous effect of residency matching and prospective payment on labor returns and hospital scale economies . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2015). Net Neutrality and Title II of the Communications Act . Policy Brief.
  • Bhattacharya, J., Curto, V., Einav, L., & Levin, J. (2014). Can Health Insurance Competition Work? Evidence from Medicare Advantage . Working Paper.
  • Burtless, G. (2014). Changing Mortality Rates and Income Inequality among the U.S. Elderly . Working Paper.
  • Besstremyannaya, G. (2014). Heterogeneous effect of coinsurance rate on healthcare costs: generalized finite mixtures and matching estimators . Working Paper.
  • Coe, N., & Goda, G. S. (2014). How Much Does Access to Health Insurance Influence the Timing of Retirement? . Working Paper.
  • Clark, R., Hammond, R., Hanson, E., & Morrill, M. (2014). Older public sector workers’ retirement planning, participation, and preparedness . Working Paper.
  • Hurd, M., & Rohwedder, S. (2014). Predicting labor force participation of the older population . Working Paper.
  • Clark, R., Matsukura, R., & Ogawa, N. (2014). Retirement Transitions In Japan . Working Paper.
  • Besstremyannaya, G. (2014). The adverse effects of value-based purchasing in health care: dynamic quantile regression with endogeneity . Working Paper.
  • Maestas, N., Mullen, K., & Powell, D. (2014). The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth . Working Paper.
  • Autor, D., Duggan, M., Greenberg, K., & Lyle, D. (2014). The Impact of Disability Benefits on Labor Supply: Evidence for the VA’s Disability Compensation Program . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M. (2014). The Labor Market Effects of the VA’s Disability Compensation Program . Policy Brief.
  • Goyal, A., Garthwaite, C., & Duggan, M. (2014). The Market Impacts Of Pharmaceutical Product Patents In Developing Countries: Evidence From India . Working Paper.
  • Duggan, M., Garthwaite, C., & Goyal, A. (2014). The Market Impacts Of Pharmaceutical Product Patents In Developing Countries: Evidence From India . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2014). Universities Can Do Better Than Symbolism: A Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax . Policy Brief.
  • Duggan, M., Starc, A., & Vabson, B. (2014). Who Benefits when the Government Pays More? Pass-Through in the Medicare Advantage Program . Working Paper.
  • Levin, J., & Skrzypacz, A. (2014). Are Dynamic Vickrey Auctions Practical?: Properties of the Combinatorial Clock Auction . Working Paper.
  • Li, X., MacGarvie, M., & Moser, P. (2014). Dead Poets’ Property - How Does Copyright Influence Price . Working Paper.
  • Lazear, E., Liang, J., & Wang, H. (2014). Demographics and Entrepreneurship . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S., & Yannelis, C. (2014). Did the 2013 Government Shutdown Severely Damage the U.S. Economy? . Policy Brief.
  • Krueger, A. (2014). Turkish Economic Successes and Challenges . Policy Brief.
  • Dinerstein, M., Einav, L., Levin, J., & Sundaresan, N. (2014). Consumer Price Search and Platform Design in Internet Commerce . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Van Zon, A. (2014). Designing an Optimal ’Tech Fix’ Path to Global Climate Stability: Integrated Dynamic Requirements Analysis for the ’Tech Fix’ . Working Paper.
  • Sialm, C. (2014). Menu Choices in Defined Contribution Pension Plans . Policy Brief.
  • Pencavel, J. (2014). The Labor Supply Of Self-Employed Workers: The Choice Of Working Hours In Worker Co-Ops . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2014). The Republic of Open Science - The institution’s Historical Origins and Prospects for Continued Vitality . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2014). Increasing the Efficiency of Spectrum Allocation . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., & Williams, H. (2014). Paying on the margin for medical care: Evidence from breast cancer treatments . Working Paper.
  • Kochar, A. (2014). The Implementation and Evaluation of School Decentralization Programs in Developing Economies: Evidence from India . Policy Brief.
  • Diamond, R. (2014). U.S. Workers’ Diverging Locations: Policy and Inequality Implications . Policy Brief.
  • McKinnon, R. (2014). China’s Currency Conundrum . Policy Brief.
  • Budish, E., Roin, B., & Williams, H. (2014). Do Firms Underinvest In Long-Term Research? Evidence From Cancer Clinical Trials . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N., Lemos, R., Sadun, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2014). Does Management Matter In Schools? . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N. (2014). Fluctuations in Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., & Ellison, G. (2014). Dynamics of Open Source Movements . Working Paper.
  • Panetta, L. (2014). Leadership or Crisis . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N., Lemos, R., Sadun, R., Scur, D., & Van Reenen, J. (2014). The new empirical economics of management . Working Paper.
  • Pistaferri, L. (2014). Disability Insurance and the Dynamics of the Incentive-Insurance Tradeoff . Policy Brief.
  • Davis, J., Muzyrya, Y., & Yin, P.-L. (2014). Entrepreneurial Innovation: Killer Apps in the iPhone Ecosystem . Working Paper.
  • Davis, J., Muzyrya, Y., & Yin, P.-L. (2014). Experimentation Strategies and Entrepreneurial Innovation: Inherited Market Differences in the iPhone Ecosystem . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T., & Greenstein, S. (2014). Mobile Computing: The Next Platform Rivalry . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. (2014). How Do Retirement Income Projections Affect Saving Behavior? . Policy Brief.
  • Koenig, M., Liu, X., & Zenou, Y. (2014). R&D Networks: Theory, Empirics and Policy Implications . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2014). Causes of the Financial Crisis and the Slow Recovery: A 10-Year Perspective . Working Paper.
  • Sialm, C., Starks, L., & Zhang, H. (2014). Defined Contribution Pension Plans: Sticky or Discerning Money? . Working Paper.
  • Pool, V., Sialm, C., & Stefanescu, I. (2014). It Pays to Set the Menu: Mutual Fund Investment Options in 401(k) Plans . Working Paper.
  • Rauh, J. (2014). The Causes and Consequences of the Rising Costs of Public Employee Pensions . Working Paper.
  • Hoxby, C. (2014). The Economics Of Online Postsecondary Education: MOOCs, Nonselective Education, And Highly Selective Education . Working Paper.
  • Harding, M., & Lovenheim, M. (2014). The Effect of Prices on Nutrition: Comparing the Impact of Product- and Nutrient-Specific Taxes . Working Paper.
  • Kolstad, C. (2014). Who Pays For Climate Regulation? . Policy Brief.
  • Munnell, A., & Wu, A. (2013). Do Older Workers Squeeze Out Younger Workers? . Working Paper.
  • Chai, J., Maurer, R., Mitchell, O., & Rogalla, R. (2013). Exchanging Delayed Social Security Benefits For Lump Sums: Could This Incentivize Longer Work Careers? . Working Paper.
  • Milligan, K., & Wise, D. (2013). Health and Work at Older Ages: Using Mortality to Assess the Capacity to Work across Countries . Working Paper.
  • Clark, R., & Morrill, M. (2013). Increasing Work Life: The Role Of The Employer . Working Paper.
  • Conti-Brown, P., & Gilson, R. (2013). Judicial Intervention In Public Pension Crisis: An Institutionalist Critique . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. (2013). Recent Changes In The Gains From Delaying Social Security . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., Jones, D., & Manchester, C. (2013). Retirement Plan Type and Employee Mobility: The Role of Selection and Incentive Effects . Working Paper.
  • Soboleva, N., & Wu, L. (2013). Standard Setting: Should there be a Level Playing Field for all FRAND Commitments? . Working Paper.
  • Willis, R. (2013). The Cognitive Demands of Work and the Length of Working Life: The Case of Computerization . Working Paper.
  • Maestas, N., Mullen, K., & Powell, D. (2013). The Effect of Local Labor Demand Conditions on the Labor Supply Outcomes of Older Americans . Working Paper.
  • Scott, J., & Watson, J. (2013). The Floor-Leverage Rule for Retirement . Working Paper.
  • Burtless, G. (2013). The Impact of Later Retirement on Government Budgets . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T., Davis, J., & Yin, P.-L. (2013). Economic Value Creation in Mobile Applications . Working Paper.
  • Krueger, A. (2013). India’s Economic Challenges . Policy Brief.
  • Tanaka, M. (2013). Should We Blame Walmart and Nike for the Factory Collapses in Bangladesh? . Policy Brief.
  • Rosston, G., & Wallsten, S. (2013). The Broadband Stimulus: A Rural Boondoggle and Missed Opportunity . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2013). The Productivity Of Working Hours . Working Paper.
  • Shelef, O. (2013). Bad Bets and Incentives for Risk-Taking . Policy Brief.
  • Fuchs, A., Gertler, P., Shelef, O., & Wolfram, C. (2013). Poverty, Growth and the Demand for Energy-Using Assets . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2013). Tapering Without Tears . Policy Brief.
  • Fetter, D. (2013). The Home Front: Rent control and the rapid wartime increase in home ownership . Working Paper.
  • Hundt, R., & Rosston, G. (2013). Articulating A Modern Approach to FCC Competition Policy . Working Paper.
  • De Figueiredo, R., Rawley, E., & Shelef, O. (2013). Bad Bets: Excessive Risk Taking, Convex Incentives, and Performance . Working Paper.
  • Budish, E., Roin, B., & Williams, H. (2013). Do fixed patent terms distort innovation? Evidence from cancer clinical trials . Working Paper.
  • Suarez Serrato, J. (2013). How Changing Government Spending Affects Inequality . Policy Brief.
  • Noll, R. (2013). Assessing Telecommunications Policy in Mexico . Working Paper.
  • Hodrick, R. (2013). Assessing the Efficiency of Asset Markets through Analysis of the Currency Carry Trade . Policy Brief.
  • David, P., & Van Zon, A. (2013). Designing an Optimal ’Tech Fix’ Path to Global Climate Stability: Directed R&D and Embodied Technical Change in a Multi-phase Framework . Working Paper.
  • Harding, M. (2013). Drinking Water Contamination in the United States and Why It Matters For Infant Health . Policy Brief.
  • Taylor, J. (2013). International Monetary Policy Coordination: Past, Present and Future . Working Paper.
  • Hodrick, L. (2013). Are U.S. Firms Really Holding Too Much Cash? . Policy Brief.
  • Agha, L., & Molitor, D. (2013). Location Matters: The Adoption of New Medical Technologies . Policy Brief.
  • DeWalt, D., McCormick, K., Plofker, D., & Wells, M. (2013). Powering the Arctic . Policy Brief.
  • Frank, C., Kent, M., & Li, D. (2013). Teacher Evaluation, Development, and Dismissal in California (Part 3) . Policy Brief.
  • Kamada, Y., & Kojima, F. (2013). Voter Preferences, Polarization, and Electoral Policies . Working Paper.
  • Drenik, A., & Perez-Truglia, R. (2013). Screening without Commitment . Working Paper.
  • Frank, C., Kent, M., & Li, D. (2013). Teacher Evaluation, Development, and Dismissal in California . Policy Brief.
  • Frank, C., Kent, M., & Li, D. (2013). Teacher Evaluation, Development, and Dismissal in California (Part 2) . Policy Brief.
  • Einav, L., & Levin, J. (2013). The Data Revolution and Economic Analysis . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., DeRemer, D., Riordan, M., Ackerberg, D., & Wimmer, B. (2013). Estimating the Impact of Low-Income Universal Service Programs* . Working Paper.
  • Kojima, F., Pathak, P., & Roth, A. (2013). Matching with Couples: Stability and Incentives in Large Markets . Working Paper.
  • Coey, D. (2013). Physician Incentives and Treatment Choices in Heart Attack Management . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2013). Simple Rules for Financial Stability . Working Paper.
  • Perez, D. (2013). Sovereign Debt Maturity Structure Under Asymmetric Information . Working Paper.
  • Camus, J., LePham, J., Shankar, R., & White, K. (2013). Strictly Business? An Examination of China’s Natural- Resource Acquisition Strategy in Latin America . Policy Brief.
  • Foo, P., & Wibulpolprasert, W. (2013). Who bears the burden of the U.S. health reform? An Event Study Incidence Analysis . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J. (2013). Efficient Retirement Design . Policy Brief.
  • Hoxby, C., & Turner, S. (2013). Expanding College Opportunities for High-Achieving, Low-Income Students . Working Paper.
  • Cogan, J., Taylor, J., Wieland, V., & Wolters, M. (2013). Fiscal Consolidation Strategy: An Update for the Budget Reform Proposal of March 2013 . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2013). Remarks on Monetary Policy Challenges . Working Paper.
  • Kuchler, T. (2013). Sticking to Your Plan: Hyperbolic Discounting and Credit Card Debt Paydown . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Van Zon, A. (2013). Designing an Optimal ’Tech Fix’ Path to Global Climate Stability: R&D in a Multi-Phase Climate Policy Framework . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S. (2013). Effects of Immigrant Legalization on Crime: The 1986 Immigration Reform Control Act . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2013). Increasing Wireless Value: Technology, Spectrum, and Incentives . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2013). When Is a Monetary “Stimulus” Not a Stimulus? . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B. (2013). Decorrupting Government: The United States Board of Overseers . Working Paper.
  • Zimring, A. (2013). Gains from Trade: Lessons from the Gaza Blockade 2007-2010 . Working Paper.
  • Exley, C. (2013). Incentives for Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Reputations . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2013). International Monetary Coordination and the Great Deviation . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Knoepfle, D., & Levin, J. (2013). Leveling the Playing Field? Tax Collection and Online Purchases . Policy Brief.
  • Pencavel, J. (2013). The Changing Size Distribution of U.S. Trade Unions and Its Description by Pareto’s Distribution . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2013). The Effectiveness of Central Bank Independence Versus Policy Rules . Working Paper.
  • Hoxby, C. (2012). College Choices Have Consequences . Policy Brief.
  • Feldstein, M. (2012). Dealing with our Fiscal Problems . Policy Brief.
  • Lichtman, S. (2012). Does Banning Carbonated Beverages in Schools Decrease Student Consumption? . Working Paper.
  • Hatfield, J., Kojima, F., & Narita, Y. (2012). Many-to-Many Matching with Max-Min Preferences . Working Paper.
  • Aron-Dine, A., Einav, L., & Finkelstein, A. (2012). The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, Three Decades Later . Working Paper.
  • Boskin, M. (2012). A Note On the Effects of the Higher National Debt On Economic Growth . Policy Brief.
  • Wolak, F. (2012). Careful What You Wish For: The Shale Gas Revolution and Natural Gas Exports . Policy Brief.
  • Polinsky, M., & Shavell, S. (2012). Costly Litigation and Optimal Damages . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Van Zon, A. (2012). Optimal Multi-Phase Transition Paths toward A Stabilized Global Climate: Integrated Dynamic Requirements Analysis for the ‘Tech Fix’ . Working Paper.
  • Hatfield, J., Kojima, F., & Narita, Y. (2012). Promoting School Competition Through School Choice: A Market Design Approach . Working Paper.
  • Doleac, J., & Sanders, N. (2012). Under the Cover of Darkness: Using Daylight Saving Time to Measure How Ambient Light Influences Criminal Behavior . Working Paper.
  • Moser, P. (2012). Patent Pools and Innovation: Evidence from Economic History . Policy Brief.
  • Doleac, J. (2012). The Effects of DNA Databases on Crime . Working Paper.
  • Lazear, E. (2012). The Value of Bosses . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2012). Worker Cooperatives and Democratic Governance . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2012). Public-Sector Unions and the Changing Structure of U.S. Unionism . Policy Brief.
  • Joskow, P., & Noll, R. (2012). Alfred E. Kahn, 1917-2010 . Working Paper.
  • Rosenberg, N., & Steinmueller, W. (2012). Engineering Knowledge . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S. (2012). Legalization of Undocumented Immigrants Can Reduce Crime . Policy Brief.
  • Dupas, P. (2012). Poor and Saving, but Poorly Served . Policy Brief.
  • Crane, D. (2012). Report of the State Budget Crisis Task Force: Unfortunately, The Worst Is Yet To Come . Policy Brief.
  • McKinnon, R. (2012). Zero Interest Rates in the United States Provoke World Monetary Instability and Constrict the U.S. Economy . Policy Brief.
  • Taylor, J., & Wolak, F. (2012). A Comparison of Government Regulation of Risk in the Financial Services and Nuclear Power Industries . Working Paper.
  • Clemens, J., & Gottlieb, J. (2012). Do Physicians’ Financial Incentives Affect Medical Treatment and Patient Health? . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2012). Monetary Policy Rules Work and Discretion Doesn’t: A Tale of Two Eras . Working Paper.
  • Klenow, P. (2012). The Allocation of Talent and U.S. Economic Growth . Policy Brief.
  • Rosston, G. (2012). The Relationship between Technological and Regulatory Change in the Communications Industry . Working Paper.
  • Kochar, A. (2012). Compensating Policies for Small Schools: Addressing Schooling Inequalities in Rural India . Policy Brief.
  • Cogan, J., Taylor, J., Wieland, V., & Wolters, M. (2012). Fiscal Consolidation Strategy . Working Paper.
  • Clemens, J. (2012). The Effect of U.S. Health Insurance Expansions on Medical Innovation . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2012). Endogeneity in Attendance Demand Models . Working Paper.
  • Lemley, M. (2012). Fixing the Patent Office . Working Paper.
  • Ito, K. (2012). Do Energy Rebate Programs Encourage Conservation? . Policy Brief.
  • Ang, S., Crane, D., Hoffert, D., Jackman, R., & Nation, J. (2012). Public Higher Education in California: Examining the Financial Landscape of the 21st Century . Policy Brief.
  • Clemens, J. (2012). Regulatory Redistribution in the Market for Health Insurance . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Knoepfle, D., Levin, J., & Sundaresan, N. (2012). Sales Taxes and Internet Commerce . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2012). The Costs of Political Corruption in America . Policy Brief.
  • Gandi, R., Li, R., Nation, J., Phadke, H., Riaz, M., Sweeney, J., & Xia, F. (2012). Unlocking the Potential: Subnational Policies to Improve Energy Efficiency Financing . Policy Brief.
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. (2012). Is Policy Uncertainty Delaying the Recovery? . Policy Brief.
  • Bresnahan, T., & Levin, J. (2012). Vertical Integration and Market Structure . Working Paper.
  • Koenig, M., Lorenz, J., & Zilibotti, F. (2012). Innovation vs. Imitation and the Evolution of Productivity Distributions . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2012). Type 2 Political Corruption: Sources, Impacts, Solutions . Working Paper.
  • Blimpo, M. (2012). Access versus Quality: Challenges of Educational Policies in African Countries . Policy Brief.
  • Clemens, J. (2012). Can Financing Reforms Reduce Costs While Improving Health Care Quality? . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B. (2012). Communication Policy Reform, Interest Groups, and Legislative Capture . Working Paper.
  • Aron-Dine, A., Cullen, M., Einav, L., & Finkelstein, A. (2012). Moral hazard in health insurance: How important is forward looking behavior? . Working Paper.
  • Koenig, M., Tessone, C., & Zenou, Y. (2012). Nestedness in Networks: A Theoretical Model and Some Applications . Working Paper.
  • Koenig, M. (2012). The Formation of Networks with Local Spillovers and Limited Observability . Working Paper.
  • Hanson, W. (2011). Online Sales Taxes in the Age of Amazon . Policy Brief.
  • Hanushek, E., & Zhang, L. (2011). General Education, Vocational Education, and Labor-Market Outcomes over the Life-Cycle . Working Paper.
  • Kapphan, I. (2011). Insuring Against Bad Weather: Benefits and Challenges in Light of Climate Change . Policy Brief.
  • Aoki, M., & Rothwell, G. (2011). Organizations under Large Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Fukushima Catastrophe . Working Paper.
  • Eilat, A., Levin, J., & Milgrom, P. (2011). The Case for Unlicensed Spectrum . Working Paper.
  • Hafstead, M. (2011). Carbon Taxes, the Federal Budget, and Climate Change . Policy Brief.
  • Sanders, N. (2011). Navigating the Roadblocks: Identifying the Health Effects of Traffic Pollution . Policy Brief.
  • Fong, K., & Levin, J. (2011). The Digital Health Care Revolution? . Policy Brief.
  • McKinnon, R. (2011). America’s Next Famous Dinner Party? . Policy Brief.
  • Einav, L., Kuchler, T., Levin, J., & Sundaresan, N. (2011). Learning from Seller Experiments in Online Markets . Working Paper.
  • Prieger, J. (2011). Verifiable and Non-Verifiable Anonymous Mechanisms for Regulating a Polluting Monopolist . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. (2011). Health Care Spending and the Federal Budget . Policy Brief.
  • Taylor, J. (2011). Legislating a Rule for Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Harischandra, K., Isola, J., Nation, J., Rahman, L., & Suen, A. (2011). Going Forward: Prospects for Transitioning from Gas Taxes to Vehicle-Miles-Traveled Fees . Policy Brief.
  • Ghorashi, K., Gibbs, L., Hand, P., Luong, A., & Nation, J. (2011). U.S. Rare Earth Policy Needs Short-Term Focus By Kia Ghorashi, Lucinda Gibbs, Polly Hand, and Amber Luong Faculty Advisor: Joe Nation . Policy Brief.
  • Mahoney, N. (2011). Bankruptcy as Implicit Health Insurance . Working Paper.
  • Coey, D. (2011). Estimating Income Tax Salience . Working Paper.
  • Brown, J., Duggan, M., Kuziemko, I., & Woolston, W. (2011). How does Risk-selection Respond to Risk-adjustment? Evidence from the Medicare Advantage Program . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2011). Mitigating "Anticommons" Harms to Science and Technology Research . Working Paper.
  • Bilir, K. (2011). Patent Laws, Product Lifecycle Lengths, and the Global Sourcing Decisions of U.S. Multinationals . Working Paper.
  • Cullen, M., Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., Ryan, S., & Schrimpf, P. (2011). Selection on Moral Hazard in Health Insurance . Working Paper.
  • Landais, C. (2011). Should Unemployment Benefits Be Extended in Bad Times? . Policy Brief.
  • Doleac, J., & Stein, L. (2011). The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2011). Zvi Griliches and the Economics of Technology Diffusion:Adoption of Innovations, Investment Lags, and Productivity Growth . Working Paper.
  • Troyan, P. (2011). Comparing School Choice Mechanisms by Interim and Ex-Ante Welfare . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S., & Fradkin, A. (2011). What Drives Job Search? Evidence from Google Search Data . Working Paper.
  • Voena, A. (2011). Yours, Mine and Ours: Do Divorce Laws Affect the Intertemporal Behavior of Married Couples? . Working Paper.
  • Augustine, T., Nation, J., Soba, D., Walker, D., & Wang, D. (2011). A Sovereign Fiscal Responsibility Index . Policy Brief.
  • Noll, R., & Rosston, G. (2011). Competitive Implications of the Proposed Acquisition of T-Mobile by AT&T Mobility . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B. (2011). The FCC, Blackouts, and the Market for TV Program Rights . Policy Brief.
  • McKinnon, R. (2011). The Fed on the Cusp of Worldwide Inflation . Policy Brief.
  • Sanders, N. (2011). What Doesn’t Kill you Makes you Weaker: Prenatal Pollution Exposure and Educational Outcomes . Working Paper.
  • Scott, J. (2011). Retirement Security with a Primary Defined Contribution Pension Plan . Policy Brief.
  • Einav, L., & Finkelstein, A. (2011). Selection in Insurance Markets: Theory and Emprirics in Pictures . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Coey, D., & Levin, J. (2011). Set-Asides and Subsidies in Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Levin, J. (2011). The Economics of Internet Markets . Working Paper.
  • Cramton, P., Kwerel, E., Rosston, G., & Skrzypacz, A. (2011). Using Spectrum Auctions to Enhance Competition in Wireless Services . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N. (2011). Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Dragon? How Chinese Trade Boosts Innovation . Policy Brief.
  • Landais, C. (2011). LeBronomics: Do Taxes Really Affect Location Decisions of High-Paid Workers? . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N., & McKenzie, D. (2010). Does Management Matter? Evidence From India . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, E. (2010). Male Workers, Female Bosses,and Gender Quotas . Policy Brief.
  • Moser, P., & Voena, A. (2010). Does Compulsory Licensing Hurt Innovation? . Policy Brief.
  • Bulman, G. (2010). Heterogeneity in Financial Incentives for High and Low Income School Districts . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2010). Shooting in the Dark -- Owen Comments Waikiki Conference . Working Paper.
  • Nation, J. (2010). The Funding Status of Independent Public Employee Pension Systems in California . Policy Brief.
  • Kwon, I., & Milgrom, E. M. (2010). Working for Female Managers: Gender Hierarchy in the Workplace . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2010). An Essay on Real Wage Index Numbers . Working Paper.
  • Kamada, Y., & Kojima, F. (2010). Improving Efficiency in Matching Markets with Regional Caps: The Case of the Japan Residency Matching Program . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2010). Mitigating "Anticommons" Harms to Research In Science and Technology . Working Paper.
  • Jones, C., & Klenow, P. (2010). Beyond GDP? Welfare Across Countries and Time . Working Paper.
  • Cain, B., & Noll, R. (2010). Institutional Causes of California’s Budget Problem . Working Paper.
  • Fitzpatrick, M. (2010). Student Assessment and Teacher Effectiveness: Telling the Whole Story . Policy Brief.
  • Abramitzky, R., & Sin, I. (2010). Book Translations As Idea Flows: The Effects of the Collapse of Communism on the Diffusion of Knowledge . Working Paper.
  • Romer, P. (2010). Cutting the Corruption Tax in Greece . Policy Brief.
  • Abramitzky, R., Boustan, L., & Eriksson, K. (2010). Europe’s Tired, Poor, Huddled Masses: Self-Selection and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration . Working Paper.
  • Hortacsu, A., & Kastl, J. (2010). Informational Advantage and Information Structure: An Analysis of Canadian Treasury Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Fuchs, V., & Shoven, J. (2010). The Dedicated VAT Solution . Policy Brief.
  • Greif, A., & Tadelis, S. (2010). A Theory of Moral Persistence: Crypto-Morality and Political Legitimacy . Working Paper.
  • Jones, D. (2010). Are Wellness Programs Any Good? . Policy Brief.
  • Moser, P., & Voena, A. (2010). Compulsory Licensing: Evidence from the Trading with the Enemy Act . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2010). May 6th - Signals From a Very Brief But Emblematic Catastrophe on Wall Street . Working Paper.
  • Doleac, J., & Stein, L. (2010). Race Has a Hand in Determining Market Outcomes . Policy Brief.
  • Bresnahan, T. (2010). Reallocating innovative resources around growth bottlenecks . Working Paper.
  • Hudson, S. (2010). The Effects of Performance-Based Teacher Pay on Student Achievement . Working Paper.
  • Baker, S. (2010). Effects of Legal Status and Health Service Availability on Mortality . Working Paper.
  • Afacan, M. (2010). Group Robust Stability in Matching Markets . Working Paper.
  • McRae, S. (2010). Infrastructure Quality and the Subsidy Trap . Working Paper.
  • Goulder, L., & Stavins, R. (2010). Interactions Between State and Federal Climate Change Policies . Working Paper.
  • Rothwell, G. (2010). New U.S. Nuclear Generation: 2010-2030 . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2010). Why Exchange Rate Changes Will Not Correct Global Trade Imbalances . Policy Brief.
  • Goda, G. (2010). Long-Term Care Financing: Is Increasing Insurance Coverage Good Policy? . Policy Brief.
  • Doleac, J., & Stein, L. (2010). The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes . Working Paper.
  • Hanushek, E., & Rivkin, S. (2010). Constrained Job Matching: Does Teacher Job Search Harm Disadvantaged Urban Schools? . Working Paper.
  • Wang, Y. (2010). Convertibility Restriction Determination in China’s Foreign Exchange Market and its Impact on Forward Pricing . Working Paper.
  • Nation, J. (2010). Going For Broke: Reforming California’s Public Employee Pension . Policy Brief.
  • Hanushek, E., & Yilmaz, K. (2010). Household Location and Schools in Metropolitan Areas with Heterogeneous Suburbs: Tiebout, Alonso, and Government Policy . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., & Boustan, L. (2010). Productivity and Migration: New Insights From the 19th Century . Policy Brief.
  • Hanushek, E., & Woessmann, L. (2010). The Economics of International Differences in Educational Achievement . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N. (2010). Is Modern Management Good For the Environment or Just Hot Air? . Policy Brief.
  • Cunha, J. (2010). Testing Paternalism: Cash vs. In-kind Transfer in Rural Mexico . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2010). An Exit Rule for Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., & Levin, J. (2010). Empirical Industrial Organization: A Progress Report . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., Savage, S., & Waldman, D. (2010). Household Demand for Broadband Internet Service . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Delavande, A., & Vasconcelos, L. (2010). Marrying Up: The Role of Sex Ratio in Assortative Matching . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, E. M. (2010). The Dispossessed: A Labor-Market Analysis of Extreme Political Violence . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2010). The National Broadband Plan . Policy Brief.
  • Mumford, K., & Lovenheim, M. (2010). Do Family Wealth Shocks Affect Fertility Choices? . Working Paper.
  • Fuchs, V. (2010). Health Care Reform by Victor R. Fuchs A Collection of Articles on U.S. Health Care Reform . Policy Brief.
  • Cullen, M., Einav, L., Finkelstein, A., & Pascu, I. (2010). How General Are Risk Preferences? . Working Paper.
  • Stroebel, J., & Taylor, J. (2010). The Impact of the Fed’s Mortgage-Backed Securities Purchase Program . Policy Brief.
  • Schoonbroodt, A., & Tertilt, M. (2010). Who Owns Children and Does It Matter? . Working Paper.
  • Jones, D. (2010). Withholdings, Salience and Tax Policy . Policy Brief.
  • Harding, M. (2009). Living on a Budget . Policy Brief.
  • Barros, R. (2009). Wealthier But Not Much Healthier: Effects of a Health Insurance Program for the Poor in Mexico . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2009). U.S. Exit Strategies and Zero Interest Rates . Policy Brief.
  • Nation, J. (2009). California’s Mounting Budget Mess . Policy Brief.
  • Tertilt, M. (2009). Families as Roommates: Changes in U.S. Household Size from 1850 to 2000 . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, A., & Shavell, S. (2009). The Uneasy Case for Product Liability . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N. (2009). Managing Development in India . Policy Brief.
  • Goda, G. S., Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. (2009). A Tax On Work for the Elderly: Medicare as a Secondary Payer . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., & Shoven, J. (2009). Adjusting Government Policies for Age Inflation . Working Paper.
  • Blackburn, B., Mahajan, A., Tarozzi, A., & Yoong, J. (2009). Commitment Mechanisms and Compliance with Health-protecting Behavior: Preliminary Evidence from Orissa (India) . Working Paper.
  • Mahajan, A. (2009). Estimating Price Elasticities with Non-Linear Errors in Variables . Working Paper.
  • Cullen, M., Einav, L., & Finkelstein, A. (2009). Estimating welfare in insurance markets using variation in prices . Working Paper.
  • Aguiar, M., & Amador, M. (2009). Growth in the Shadow of Expropriation . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. (2009). How Well Are Social Security Recipients Protected from Inflation? . Working Paper.
  • Dworsky, M., Goulder, L., & Hafstead, M. (2009). How Would a Federal Cap-and-Trade Climate Policy Affect Profits and GDP? . Policy Brief.
  • Dworsky, M., Hafstead, M., & Goulder, L. (2009). Impacts of Alternative Emissions Allowance Allocation Methods Under a Federal Cap-and-Trade Program . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Frank, Z., & Mahajan, A. (2009). Inside the Black Box: Partnerships in Rio de Janeiro, 1870-1891 . Working Paper.
  • Ackerberg, D., Riordan, M., Rosston, G., & Wimmer, B. (2009). Low-Income Demand for Local Telephone Service: Effects of Lifeline and Linkup . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., & Shoven, J. (2009). New Age Thinking: Alternative Ways of Measuring Age, Their Relationship to Labor Force Participation, Government Policies and GDP . Working Paper.
  • Bils, M., Klenow, P., & Malin, B. (2009). Reset Price Inflation and the Impact of Monetary Policy Shocks . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. (2009). Social Security and the Timing of Divorce . Working Paper.
  • Jappelli, T., & Pistaferri, L. (2009). The Consumption Response to Income Changes . Working Paper.
  • Wright, G. (2009). The New Deal and the Modernization of the South . Working Paper.
  • Goulder, L., Jacobsen, M., & Van Benthem, A. (2009). Unintended Consequences from Nested State & Federal Regulations: The Case of the Pavley Greenhouse-Gas-per-Mile Limits . Working Paper.
  • Fitzpatrick, M., Grissmer, D., & Hastedt, S. (2009). What a Difference a Day Makes: Estimating Daily Learning Gains During Kindergarten and First Grade Using a Natural Experiment . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Topper, M. (2009). An Antitrust Analysis of the Case for Wireless Network Neutrality . Working Paper.
  • Kuchler, T., & Stroebel, J. (2009). Foreclosure and Bankruptcy — Policy Conclusions From the Current Crisis . Policy Brief.
  • Cassola, N., Hortacsu, A., & Kastl, J. (2009). The 2007 Subprime Market Crisis Through the Lens of European Central Bank Auctions for Short-Term Funds . Working Paper.
  • Kochar, A. (2009). Affirmative Action Through Quotas: The Effect on Higher Education In India . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B. (2009). Old Media Policy Failures, New Media Policy Challenges . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. (2009). Differential Mortality by Income and Social Security Progressivity . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, P. (2009). Making Carbon Markets Work . Policy Brief.
  • Miller, C. (2009). Teacher Sorting and Own-Race Teacher Effects in Elementary School . Working Paper.
  • Frakes, M., & Harding, M. (2009). The Deterrent Effect of Expansions in Death Penalty Eligibility Criteria . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, P., Rosston, G., Skrzypacz, A. (Andy), & Wallsten, S. (2009). Using Procurement Auctions to Allocate Broadband Stimulus Grants . Policy Brief.
  • Kuchler, T., & Stroebel, J. (2009). Foreclosure and Bankruptcy - Policy Conclusions from the Current Crisis . Working Paper.
  • Ayers, J., Berring, D., Lee, J., & Steefel, D. (2009). Four Policy Briefs by Public Policy Students . Policy Brief.
  • Blackburn, B., Mahajan, A., Tarozzi, A., & Yoong, J. (2009). Bednets, Information, and Malaria in Orissa . Working Paper.
  • Meer, J. (2009). Brother Can You Spare a Dime Peer Effects in Charitable Solicitation . Working Paper.
  • Henry, P., & Sasson, D. (2009). Capital Market Integration and Wages . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2009). China’s Exchange Rate Policy and Fiscal Expansion . Policy Brief.
  • Avery, C., & Levin, J. (2009). Early Admission at Selective Colleges . Working Paper.
  • Cain, B., & Noll, R. (2009). Malleable Constitutions: Reflections on State Constitutional Reform . Working Paper.
  • Rothwell, G. (2009). Market Power in Uranium Enrichment . Working Paper.
  • Alexander, M., Harding, M., & Lamarche, C. (2009). The Human Cost of Economic Crises . Working Paper.
  • Cohen-Meidan, M. (2009). Vertical Integration and Trade Protection: The Case of Antidumping Duties . Working Paper.
  • Cogan, J., Cwik, T., Taylor, J., & Wieland, V. (2009). New Keynesian versus Old Keynesian Government Spending Multipliers . Working Paper.
  • Hanson, W. (2009). Recovery.gov: Using the Internet to Accelerate and Improve Fiscal Stimulus . Policy Brief.
  • Levin, J. (2009). The Dynamics of Collective Reputation . Working Paper.
  • Bulow, J., Levin, J., & Milgrom, P. (2009). Winning Play in Spectrum Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Arrow, K. (2009). A note on uncertainty and discounting in models of economic growth . Working Paper.
  • David, P., Den Besten, M., & Schroeder, R. (2009). Collaborative Research in e-Science and Open Access to Information . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2009). Comparative Labor Markets . Policy Brief.
  • Hanushek, E., & Woessmann, L. (2009). Do Better Schools Lead to More Growth? Cognitive Skills, Economic Outcomes, and Causation . Working Paper.
  • Bils, M., & Klenow, P. (2009). Fiscal Stimulus in the Form of Lower Payroll Taxes . Policy Brief.
  • Moser, P. (2009). Taste-based Discrimination: Empirical Evidence from a Shock to Preferences during WWI . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2009). The Need to Return to a Monetary Framework . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, P. (2008). Assignment Messages and Exchanges . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., Levin, J., & Seira, E. (2008). Comparing Open and Sealed Bid Auctions: Evidence from Timber Auctions . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Rubin, J. (2008). How Many Scanned Books on the Web? . Policy Brief.
  • Milgrom, P. (2008). Simplified Mechanisms with an Application to Sponsored-Search Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Fitzpatrick, M. (2008). Starting School at Four: Should Government Preschool Be Universal? . Policy Brief.
  • David, P., Den Besten, M., & Schroeder, R. (2008). Will e-Science Be Open Science? . Working Paper.
  • Rosenberg, N. (2008). Some Critical Episodes in the Progress of Medical Innovation: An Anglo-American Perspective . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, E. (2008). The "Human Side" of Incentives . Policy Brief.
  • McKinnon, R. (2008). Unblocking Credit Markets by Reducing Counterparty Risk . Policy Brief.
  • Cullen, M., Einav, L., & Finkelstein, A. (2008). Estimating Welfare in Insurance Markets Using Variation in Prices . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2008). How Successful Have Trade Unions Been?: A Utility-Based Indicator of Union Well-Being . Working Paper.
  • Ersner-Hershfield, H., & Fuchs, V. (2008). Inequality in Length of Life . Policy Brief.
  • Bloom, N., Genakos, C., Martin, R., & Sadun, R. (2008). Modern Management: Good for the Environment of Just Hot Air? . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2008). A Fresh Start in Communications Policy . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Shapiro, J. (2008). Community-Based Production of Open Source Software: What do we know about the developers who participate? . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L., Leibtag, E., & Nevoy, A. (2008). Not-so-classical measurement errors: a validation study of Homescan . Working Paper.
  • Fitzpatrick, M. (2008). Preschoolers Enrolled and Mothers at Work? The Effects of Universal Pre-Kindergarten . Working Paper.
  • Slemrod, J. (2008). The Fatal Toll of Driving to Drink . Policy Brief.
  • DeGiorgi, G., Pellizzari, M., & Redaelli, S. (2008). Be As Careful Of The Company You Keep As Of The Books You Read. Peer Effects In Education And On The Labor Market . Working Paper.
  • Beck, G., & Wieland, V. (2008). Central Bank Misperceptions and the Role of Money in Interest Rate Rules . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R. (2008). Testing Self-Selection in Migration: Evidence from the Israeli Kibbutz . Working Paper.
  • Alexander, M., Harding, M., & Lamarche, C. (2008). The Political Economy of Heterogeneous Development: Quantile Effects of Income and Education . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Delavande, A., & Vasconcelos, L. (2008). Marrying Up: the Role of Sex Ratio in Assortative Matching . Working Paper.
  • Hortacsu, A., & Kastl, J. (2008). Testing for Common Values in Canadian Treasury Bill Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., & Homkes, R. (2008). Can Better Management Sustain Growth in China and India? . Policy Brief.
  • Greif, A. (2008). Contract Enforcement and Institutions among the Maghribi Traders: Refuting Edwards and Ogilvie . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Den Besten, M. (2008). Mapping e-Science’s Path in the Collaboration Space: Ontological Approach to Monitoring Infrastructure Development . Working Paper.
  • Bundorf, M., Levin, J., & Mahoney, N. (2008). Pricing and Welfare in Health Plan Choice . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J., & Williams, J. (2008). Further Results on a Black Swan in the Money Market . Working Paper.
  • Kuester, K., & Wieland, V. (2008). Insurance Policies for Monetary Policy in the Euro Area . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2008). Low-Carbon Fuel Standards: Do They Really Work? . Policy Brief.
  • Ahoobim, O., Burger, N., Grainger, C., Kolstad, C., & McRae, S. (2008). Beyond the Market Advisory Committee: Proceedings from a Workshop held at Stanford University, January 15, 2008 . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2008). The Credit Crunch and the Flight From the Dollar . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B. (2008). 25 Years after the Bell Breakup . Policy Brief.
  • Escobar, J. (2008). Cooperation and Self-Governance in Heterogeneous Communities . Working Paper.
  • Abramitzky, R., Einav, L., & Rigbi, O. (2008). Is Hanukkah responsive to Christmas? . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Rubin, J. (2008). Restricting Access to Books on the Internet: Some Unanticipated Effects of U.S. Copyright Legislation . Working Paper.
  • Parcel, L. (2008). Stiff Competition: Vertical Relationships in Cremation Services . Working Paper.
  • Hanushek, E. (2008). The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development . Working Paper.
  • Doepke, M. (2008). Women’s Liberation: What’s in It for Men? . Working Paper.
  • Orphanides, A., & Wieland, V. (2008). Economic Projections and Rules-of-Thumb for Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Wieland, V. (2008). Fiscal Action Versus Monetary Stimulus? A Faulty Comparison . Policy Brief.
  • Abramitzky, R. (2008). The Limits of Equality: Insights from the Israeli Kibbutz . Working Paper.
  • Lovenheim, M. (2008). The Role of Housing Wealth in College Enrollment . Policy Brief.
  • David, P., & Metcalfe, S. (2008). "Only Connect": Academic-Business Research Collaborations and the Formation of Ecologies of Innovation . Working Paper.
  • Nagavarapu, S. (2008). Brazilian Ethanol: A Gift or Threat to the Environment and Regional Development? . Working Paper.
  • Levine, R., Baroudy, S. E., & Shao, L. (2008). CEO Compensation for Major US Companies in 2006 . Working Paper.
  • Ackerberg, D., Riordan, M., Rosston, G., & Wimmer, B. (2008). Low-Income Demand for Local Telephone Service: Effects of Lifeline and Linkup . Working Paper.
  • Lee, S. (2008). Preferences and Choice Constraints in Marital Sorting: Evidence From Korea . Working Paper.
  • Goda, G. S., Shoven, J., & Slavov, S. (2008). Removing the Disincentives for Long Careers in the Social Security and Medicare Benefit Structure . Working Paper.
  • Kaufmann, K. (2008). Understanding the Income Gradient in College Attendance in Mexico: The Role of Heterogeneity in Expected Returns to College . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, E. (2008). What Drives Cohort Effects on the Labor Market? . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B. (2008). Why Media Regulation is so Tempting . Working Paper.
  • Dalle, J.-M., & David, P. (2007). "It Takes All Kinds": A Simulation Modeling Perspective on Motivation and Coordination in Libre Software Development Projects . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D., & Rangel, A. (2007). Beyond Revealed Preference Choice Theoretic Foundations for Behavioral Welfare Economics . Working Paper.
  • Kwon, I., & Milgrom, E. M. (2007). Cohort Effects in Wages and Promotions . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Spence, M. (2007). Designing Institutional Infrastructure for E-Science . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Rullani, F. (2007). Dynamics of Innovation in an Open Source Collaboration Environment: Lurking, Laboring and Launching FLOSS Projects on "SourceForge" . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2007). The FCC’s 700 MHz Auction . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2007). The Historical Origins of ’Open Science’: An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Griffith, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2007). Do R&D Tax Credits Work? Evidence from a Panel of Countries 1979-1997 . Working Paper.
  • Kochar, A. (2007). Do Schooling Policies Contribute to Schooling Inequality? School Location Policies in Rural India . Policy Brief.
  • Fong, K. (2007). Evaluating Skilled Experts: Optimal Scoring Rules for Surgeons . Working Paper.
  • Jaimovich, N. (2007). Firm Dynamics and Markup Variations: Implications for Sunspot Equilibria and Endogenous Economic Fluctuation . Working Paper.
  • Aoki, M. (2007). Linking Economic and Social-Exchange Games: From the Community Norm to CSR . Working Paper.
  • MaCurdy, T., & Nagavarapu, S. (2007). Policy Options for Food Assistance in India: Lessons from the United States . Policy Brief.
  • Milgrom, P. (2007). Simplified Mechanisms with Applications to Sponsored Search and Package Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2007). The Economic Significance of Executive Order 13422 . Working Paper.
  • Aoki, M., & Jackson, G. (2007). Understanding an Emergent Diversity of Corporate Governance and Organizational Architecture: An Essentiality-Based Analysis . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N., Sudan, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2007). Americans Do IT Better . Policy Brief.
  • Henry, P. (2007). Capital Account Liberalization: Theory, Evidence, and Speculation . Working Paper.
  • Goulder, L. (2007). Distributional and Efficiency Impacts of Increased U.S. Gasoline Taxes . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2007). Housing and Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Rebelo, S. (2007). News and Business Cycles in Open Economies . Working Paper.
  • Goolsbee, A., & Slemrod, J. (2007). Playing with Fire: Cigarettes, Taxes and Competition from the Internet . Working Paper.
  • Kurz, M., & Motolese, M. (2007). Diverse Beliefs and Time Variability of Risk Premia . Working Paper.
  • Chari, A., & Henry, P. (2007). Firm-Specific Information and the Efficiency of Investment . Working Paper.
  • Lovenheim, M. (2007). How Far to the Border?: The Extent and Impact of Cross-Border Casual Cigarette Smuggling (Revised October 2007) . Working Paper.
  • Kurz, M. (2007). Rational Diverse Beliefs and Economic Volatility . Working Paper.
  • Ye, S. (2007). U.S. Trade Policy and the Pacific Rim, from Fordney-McCumber to the Trade Expansion Act of 1962: A Political-Economic Analysis . Working Paper.
  • Bound, J., & Turner, S. (2007). Understanding the Increased Time to the Baccalaureate Degree . Working Paper.
  • Meer, J., & Van Wesep, E. (2007). A Test of Confidence Enhanced Performance: Evidence from US College Debaters . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D., & Meer, J. (2007). How Much do Real Estate Brokers Add? A Case Study . Working Paper.
  • Hsieh, C.-T., & Klenow, P. (2007). Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India . Working Paper.
  • Boskin, M., & Rivlin, A. (2007). Perspectives on the Long-Run Fiscal Outlook . Policy Brief.
  • Aghion, P., David, P., & Foray, D. (2007). Science, Technology and Innovation for Economic Growth: Towards Linking Policy Research and Practice in ’STIG Systems’ (Revised October 2008) . Working Paper.
  • Klenow, P., & Kryvtsov, O. (2007). State-Dependent or Time-Dependent Pricing: Does It Matter for Recent U.S. Inflation? . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2007). An Ethanol Policy That Benefits All Americans . Policy Brief.
  • Bernheim, D., & Slavov, S. (2007). A Solution Concept for Majority Rule in Dynamic Settings . Working Paper.
  • Greenhalgh, C. (2007, May). Innovation and Intellectual Property - Issues for Debate .
  • Greenhalgh, C. (2007). Innovation and Intellectual Property - Issues for Debate . Policy Brief.
  • Noll, R. (2007). Priorities for Telecommunications Reform in Mexico . Working Paper.
  • Andreoni, J., & Bernheim, D. (2007). Social Image and the 50-50 Norm: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Audience Effects . Working Paper.
  • Greenhalgh, C., & Rogers, M. (2007). The Value of Intellectual Property Rights to Firms . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B., Sun, S., & Zheng, W. (2007). China’s Competition Policy Reforms: The Antimonopoly Law and Beyond . Working Paper.
  • Kwon, I., & Milgrom, E. M. (2007). Status, Relative Pay, and Wage Growth: Evidence from M&A . Working Paper.
  • Hanson, W. (2007). The Second Billion: The Internet Going Forward . Policy Brief.
  • Milgrom, E. M., Milgrom, P., & Singh, R. (2007). When Should Control Be Shared? . Working Paper.
  • Jaimovich, N. (2007). Firm Dynamics, Markup Variations, and the Business Cycle . Working Paper.
  • Jaimovich, N. (2007). Income Effects and Indeterminacy in a Calibrated One-Sector Growth Model . Working Paper.
  • Yotopoulos, P. (2007). The Asymmetric Benefits of Globalization . Policy Brief.
  • Siu, H. (2007). The Young, the Old, and the Restless: Demographics and Business Cycle Volatility . Working Paper.
  • Greenhalgh, C., & Rogers, M. (2007). Trade Marks and Performance in UK Firms: Evidence of Schumpeterian Competition through Innovation . Working Paper.
  • Daley, B., & Snowberg, E. (2007). A Multi-Dimensional Signaling Model of Campaign Finance . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2007). Broadcasting and Team Sports . Working Paper.
  • Eilat, A. (2007). Optimal Payment Cards Fees . Working Paper.
  • Flaherty, C., & Mumford, K. (2007). Separating Psychological Costs from Time Costs: Female Labor Supply and Participation in Food Stamps and WIC . Working Paper.
  • Meredith, M., & Salant, Y. (2007). The Causes and Consequences of Ballot Order-Effects . Working Paper.
  • Flaherty, C. (2007). The Effect of Employer-Provided General Training on Turnover: Examination of Tuition Reimbursement Programs . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2007). The Net Neutrality Debate: Twenty Five Years after United States v. AT&T and 120 Years after the Act to Regulate Commerce . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2007). The Worth of the Dollar . Policy Brief.
  • Li, N. (2007). Cyclical Wage Movements in Emerging Markets Compared to Developed Economies: A Contractual Approach . Working Paper.
  • Miller, D. (2007). Isolating the Causal Impact of Community College Enrollment on Educational Attainment and Labor Market Outcomes in Texas . Working Paper.
  • Ater, I., & Rigbi, O. (2007). Price Control In Franchised Chains: The Case Of McDonald’s Dollar Menu . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N. (2007). The Economic Impact of 9/11 . Policy Brief.
  • Mumford, K. (2007). The Optimal Tax Treatment of Families with Children . Working Paper.
  • Bloom, N. (2007). Uncertainty and the Dynamics of R&D . Working Paper.
  • Antman, F. (2007). Who Cares for the Elderly? Intrafamily Resource Allocation and Migration in Mexico . Working Paper.
  • Siegel, R. (2006). All-Pay Contests . Working Paper.
  • Kaplan, D., Piedra, E., & Seira, E. (2006). Are Burdensome Registration Procedures an Important Barrier on Firm Creation? Evidence from Mexico . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, E. (2006). Glass Ceiling Shattered? . Policy Brief.
  • Sawada, Y., & Yotopoulos, P. (2006). Growth and Poverty Reduction Under Globalization: The Systematic Impact of Exchange Rate Misalignment . Working Paper.
  • Gopi Shah Goda, . (2006). Implicit Social Security Tax Rates over the Life Cycle . Working Paper.
  • Liu, Q. (2006). Information Acquisition and Reputation Dynamics . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Rullani, F. (2006). Micro-dynamics of Free and Open Source Software Development: Lurking, Laboring and Launching New Projects on "SourceForge" (Replaced by 07-022 ) . Working Paper.
  • Alter, A. (2006). The Effect of Access Regulation on Broadband Deployment . Working Paper.
  • Goulder, L. (2006). California’s Bold New Climate Policy: The Challenges Ahead . Policy Brief.
  • Quint, D. (2006). Economics of Patent Pools When Some (but not all) Patents are Essential . Working Paper.
  • Grubb, M. (2006). Selling to Overconfident Consumers . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2006). Sports Economics at Fifty . Working Paper.
  • Rebelo, S. (2006). Behavioral Theories of the Business Cycle . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2006). Economic Policy Analysis and the Internet: Coming to Terms with a Telecommunications Anomaly . Working Paper.
  • Aghion, P., David, P., & Foray, D. (2006). Linking Policy Research and Practice in ’STIG Systems’: Many Obstacles, but Some Ways Forward (Replaced by 06-039 ) . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M., & Shavell, S. (2006). Mandatory versus Voluntary Disclosure of Product Risks . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2006). The Foreign Aid Paradox . Policy Brief.
  • Livshits, I., & MacGee, J. (2006). Accounting for the Rise in Consumer Bankruptcies . Working Paper.
  • Jaimovich, N., & Rebelo, S. (2006). Can News About the Future Drive the Business Cycle? . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2006). Living With Inflation in the United States: A New Monetary Rule for China? . Policy Brief.
  • Kurz, M., & Motolese, M. (2006). Risk Premia, Diverse Belief and Beauty Contests . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2006). A Multi-dimensional View of the "Sustainability" of Free & Open Source Software Development . Working Paper.
  • Milgrom, E. M., Petersen, T., & Snartland, V. (2006). Are Female Workers Less Productive Than Male Workers? . Working Paper.
  • Kurz, M. (2006). Beauty Contests Under Private Information and Diverse Beliefs: How Different? . Working Paper.
  • Jasso, G., & Milgrom, E. M. (2006). Distributive Justice and CEO Compensation (Revised December 2007) . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2006). The Rise and Fall of Third-party High-speed Access (Revised August 2008) . Working Paper.
  • Greenstein, S. (2006). Innovation and the Evolution of Market Structure for Internet Access in the United States . Working Paper.
  • Fitzgerald, D. (2006). Trade Costs, Asset Market Frictions and Risk Sharing: A Joint Test . Working Paper.
  • Dechenaux, E., Goldfarb, B., Shane, S., & Thursby, M. (2006). Appropriability and Commercialization: Evidence from MIT Inventions . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2006). Designing an Effective Program of State-Sponsored Human Embryonic Stem-Cell Research . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2006). Lower Oil Price Volatility for a Smooth Transition to a Green Energy Future . Policy Brief.
  • Noll, R., & Srinivasan, T. (2006). More Efficient Subsidy Scheme Benefits Consumers, Government, and Economy . Policy Brief.
  • Polinsky, M., & Shavell, S. (2006). Public Enforcement of Law . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2006). China’s Exchange Rate Trap: Japan Redux? . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2006). Reflections on the Patent System and IPR Protection in the Past, Present and Future . Working Paper.
  • Golosov, M., & Jones, L. (2006). Efficiency with Endogenous Population Growth . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2006). Europe’s Universities and Innovation—Past, Present and Future . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2006). Humpty-Dumpty? Competitive Effects of the AT&T - BellSouth Merger . Policy Brief.
  • Aoki, M. (2006). Mechanisms of Endogenous Institutional Change . Working Paper.
  • Aoki, M. (2006). Whither Japan’s Corporate Governance? . Working Paper.
  • Frederiksen, A., Honoré, B., & Hu, L. (2006). Discrete Time Duration Models with Group-level Heterogeneity . Working Paper.
  • Khor, N., & Pencavel, J. (2006). Income Mobility of Individuals in China and the United States . Working Paper.
  • Frederiksen, A., & Poulsen, O. (2006). Rising Wage Inequality: Does the Return to Management Tell the Whole Story? . Working Paper.
  • Fuchs, V. (2006). The Rise of Income Inequality in the United States, 1979-2001 . Policy Brief.
  • Rosston, G., Savage, S., & Wimmer, B. (2006). The Impact of "Deregulation" on Regulator Behavior: An Empirical Analysis of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Working Paper.
  • Greenstone, M., Oyer, P., & Vissing-Jorgensen, A. (2006). The Impact of Mandatory Disclosure Laws on Public Companies: New Evidence from OTC Firms . Policy Brief.
  • Goolsbee, A., & Klenow, P. (2006). Valuing Consumer Products by the Time Spent Using Them: An Application to the Internet . Working Paper.
  • Caldas, A., David, P., & Ormanidhi, O. (2005). Digital Information Network Technologies, Organizational Performance and Productivity . Working Paper.
  • Boskin, M. (2005). Perspectives on Tax Reform . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2005). The Tale of Two Traverses: Innovation and Accumulation in the First Two Centuries of U.S. Economic Growth . Working Paper.
  • Hope, N., & Hu, F. (2005). Can Foreign Entry Transform China’s Banking System? . Policy Brief.
  • Noll, R. (2005). The Painful Implementation of California’s Stem Cell Research Program . Policy Brief.
  • Polinsky, M., & Shavell, S. (2005). The Theory of Public Enforcement of Law . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2005). China’s New Exchange Rate Policy: Will China Follow Japan into a Liquidity Trap? . Working Paper.
  • Singh, C. (2005). Should India Use Foreign Exchange Reserves for Financing Infrastructure? . Policy Brief.
  • Sawada, Y., & Yotopoulos, P. (2005). Corner Solutions, Crises, and Capital Controls: A Theory and an Empirical Analysis on the Optimal Exchange Rate Regime in Emerging Economies . Working Paper.
  • Malin, B. (2005). Hyperbolic Discounting and Uniform Savings Floors . Working Paper.
  • McCubbins, M., Noll, R., & Weingast, B. (2005). The Political Economy of Law: Decision-Making by Judicial, Legislative, Executive and Administrative Agencies . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2005). A Life Cycle Perspective on Changes in Earnings Inequality Among Married Men and Women . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D., & Rangel, A. (2005). Behavioral Public Economics: Welfare and Policy Analysis with Non-Standard Decision-Makers . Working Paper.
  • Rothwell, G. (2005). Can the Modular Helium Reactor Compete in the Hydrogen Economy? . Working Paper.
  • Niederle, M., & Vesterlund, L. (2005). Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete too Much? . Working Paper.
  • Cohen, A., & Einav, L. (2005). Estimating Risk Preferences from Deductible Choice . Working Paper.
  • Singh, C. (2005). India Needs to Separate Debt from Monetary Management . Policy Brief.
  • Caruana, G., & Einav, L. (2005). Production Targets . Working Paper.
  • Lee, S. (2005). The Effects of Temptation on the Optimal Provision of Education . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2005). The Politics and Economics of Implementing State-Sponsored Embryonic Stem-Cell Research . Working Paper.
  • Mahajan, A., & Tarozzi, A. (2005). Child Nutrition in India in the Nineties: A Story of Increased Gender Inequality? . Working Paper.
  • Rubinstein, A., & Salant, Y. (2005). Choice From Lists . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2005). Exchange Rate or Wage Changes in International Adjustment? Japan and China versus the United States . Working Paper.
  • Chun, A. (2005). Expectations, Bond Yields and Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2005). Innovation and Universities’ Role In Commercializing Research Results: Second Thoughts about the Bayh-Dole Experiment (Replaced by 06-010) . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2005). Path Dependence - A Foundational Concept for Historical Social Science (Replaced by 06-008 ) . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2005). Path Dependence - A Foundational Concept for Historical Social Science (Revised January 2007, Extensive Revision October 2006) . Working Paper.
  • Boskin, M. (2005). Straight Talk on Social Security Reform . Policy Brief.
  • Park, M. (2005). The Economic Impact of Wireless Number Portability . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2005). Competition Policy in Emerging Economies . Working Paper.
  • Livshits, I., & MacGee, J. (2005). Consumer Bankruptcy: A Fresh Start . Working Paper.
  • Fuchs, W. (2005). Contracting with Repeated Moral Hazard and Private Evaluations . Working Paper.
  • Carrasco, V. (2005). Corporate Board Structure, Managerial Self-Dealing, and Common Agency . Working Paper.
  • Meer, J. (2005). Evidence on the Returns to Secondary Vocational Education . Working Paper.
  • Owens, R., Rossi-Hansberg, E., & Sarte, P.-D. (2005). Firm Fragmentation and Urban Patterns . Working Paper.
  • Fuchs, W., & Lippi, F. (2005). Monetary Union with Voluntary Participation . Working Paper.
  • Flamm, B., & Rosston, G. (2005). Traffic Congestion, Congestion Pricing, and the Price of Using California’s Freeways . Policy Brief.
  • Noll, R. (2005). "Buyer Power" and Economic Policy . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M., & Rubinfeld, D. (2005). A Damage-Revelation Rationale for Coupon Remedies . Working Paper.
  • Branch, G., Hanushek, E., Kain, J., & Rivkin, S. (2005). Charter School Quality and Parental Decision Making with School Choice . Working Paper.
  • Hundt, R., & Rosston, G. (2005). Communications Policy for 2005 and Beyond . Working Paper.
  • Gathmann, C. (2005). Does Deterrence Work? U.S. Border Enforcement, Migrant Smuggling, and Illegal Migration . Policy Brief.
  • Reichling, F. (2005). Retraining the Unemployed in a Matching Model with Turbulence . Working Paper.
  • Rothwell, G. (2005). Cost Contingency as the Standard Deviation of the Cost Estimate for Cost Engineering . Working Paper.
  • Hanushek, E. (2005). Does Educational Tracking Affect Performance and Inequality? Differences-In-Differences Evidence Across Countries . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2005). Exchange Rates, Wages, and International Adjustment: Japan and China versus the United States . Policy Brief.
  • Kurz, M. (2005). Measuring the Ex-Ante Social Cost of Aggregate Volatility . Working Paper.
  • Hanushek, E., Kain, J., O’Brien, D., & Rivkin, S. (2005). The Market for Teacher Quality . Working Paper.
  • Kurz, M. (2005). Diverse Beliefs, Forecast Errors and Central Bank Policy . Working Paper.
  • Klenow, P. (2005). How Sticky Are U.S. Consumer Prices? . Policy Brief.
  • Antràs, P., Garicano, L., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2005). Offshoring in a Knowledge Economy . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M., & Shavell, S. (2005). Economic Analysis of Law . Working Paper.
  • Dalle, J.-M., David, P., Ghosh, R., & Steinmueller, W. (2004). Advancing Economic Research on the Free and Open Source Software Mode of Production . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2004). Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Is Essential to California’s Energy Future . Policy Brief.
  • Boskin, M. (2004). Sense and Nonsense About Federal Deficits and Debt . Policy Brief.
  • Dalle, J.-M., & David, P. (2004). Simulating Code Growth in Libre (Open-Source) Mode (Revised January 2005) . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2004). U.S. Fiscal Deficits and Lost Jobs in Manufacturing . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B., Sun, S., & Zheng, W. (2004). Antitrust in China: The Problem of Incentive Compatibility . Working Paper.
  • McMillan, J. (2004). A Flexible Economy? Entrepreneurship and Productivity in New Zealand . Working Paper.
  • Ausubel, L., & Milgrom, P. (2004). Ascending Proxy Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M. (2004). Optimal Fines and Auditing When Wealth is Costly to Observe . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2004). Patronage, Reputation, and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution: From Keeping ’Nature’s Secrets’ to the Institutionalization of ’Open Science’ . Working Paper.
  • Ausubel, L., Cramton, P., & Milgrom, P. (2004). The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design . Working Paper.
  • Ausubel, L., & Milgrom, P. (2004). The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M. (2004). The Optimal Use of Fines and Imprisonment When Wealth is Unobservable . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2004). Towards a Cyberinfrastructure for Enhanced Scientific Collaboration: Providing its ’Soft’ Foundations May Be the Hardest Part (Revised May 2005) . Working Paper.
  • McMillan, J., & Zoido, P. (2004). How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru . Working Paper.
  • Wolfers, J. (2004). Pricing Political Risks with Prediction Markets . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B. (2004). Assigning Broadband Rights . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2004). Confusing Success with Access: "Correctly" Measuring Concentration of Ownership and Control in Mass Media and Online Services . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2004). Faculty Retirement Incentives by Colleges and Universities . Working Paper.
  • Bulow, J., & Shoven, J. (2004). How to Account for Stock Options . Policy Brief.
  • Clay, K., & Wright, G. (2004). Order Without Law? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush . Working Paper.
  • Simonsen, M., & Skipper, L. (2004). Identifying Direct and Indirect Effects. Estimating the Costs of Motherhood Using Matching Estimators (Revised August 2005) . Working Paper.
  • Wallsten, S. (2004). Migration can help stabilize poor countries . Policy Brief.
  • Wolfers, J., & Zitzewitz, E. (2004). Prediction Markets . Working Paper.
  • Bulow, J., & Shoven, J. (2004). Accounting for Stock Options . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2004). The Conflict Over Vertical Foreclosure In Competition Policy And Intellectual Property Law . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2004). The Southern California Grocery Dispute and the State of Labor Unionism . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2004). The Tale of Two Traverses: Innovation and Accumulation in the First Two Centuries of U.S. Economic Growth (Replaced by 05-022) . Working Paper.
  • Rothwell, G. (2004). What Construction Cost Might Trigger New Nuclear Power Plant Orders? . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2004). Imported Antitrust Law: Steel or Slag? A Review Essay . Working Paper.
  • Levin, J., & Tadelis, S. (2004). Profit Sharing and the Role of Professional Partnerships . Working Paper.
  • Hanson, W. (2004). The Broadcast Flag Debate . Policy Brief.
  • Alderete, J. (2004). Asymmetric Responses of Local Expenditures to Changes in Intergovernmental Grants . Working Paper.
  • Hatfield, J., & Milgrom, P. (2004). Auctions, Matching and the Law of Aggregate Demand . Working Paper.
  • Jacobsen, M., & Shaikh, A. (2004). Electricity Regulation in California and Input Market Distortions . Working Paper.
  • Tucker, C. (2004). Empirically Evaluating Two-Sided Integrated Network Effects: The Case of Electronic Payments . Working Paper.
  • Pozen, R., Schieber, S., & Shoven, J. (2004). Improving Social Security’s Progressivity and Solvency With Hybrid Indexing . Working Paper.
  • Quint, D. (2004). Optimal Second Price Auctions with Positively Correlated Private Values and Limited Information . Working Paper.
  • Naknoi, K. (2004). Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Endogenous Tradability . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R. (2004). The East Asian Dollar Standard . Policy Brief.
  • Hong, S.-H. (2004). The Effect of Napster on Recorded Music Sales: Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Survey . Working Paper.
  • Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2003). Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: Divorce Laws and Family Distress . Working Paper.
  • Enthoven, A. (2003). Can Employers Lead America to a Sustainable Market-Based Health Care System? . Policy Brief.
  • Greif, A. (2003). Institutions and Impersonal Exchange: The European Experience . Working Paper.
  • Bulow, J., & Levin, J. (2003). Matching and Price Competition . Working Paper.
  • Zhang, L. (2003). Public College Quality and Higher Education Policies of U.S. States . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2003). Competition Policy in Latin America . Working Paper.
  • Crafts, N. (2003). Fifty Years Of Economic Growth In Western Europe: No Longer Catching Up But Falling Behind? . Working Paper.
  • Chan, P. (2003). How Effective are International Intellectual Property Laws? Evidence from Patenting Decisions in Agricultural Biotechnology . Working Paper.
  • Polinsky, M., & Rubinfeld, D. (2003). Remedies For Price Overcharges: The Deadweight Loss Of Coupons and Discounts . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2003). The Benefits of an Electron Superhighway . Policy Brief.
  • Jin, H., Kurz, M., & Motolese, M. (2003). The Role of Expectations in Economic Fluctuations and the Efficacy of Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Jin, H., Kurz, M., & Motolese, M. (2003). Determinants of Stock Market Volatility and Risk Premia . Working Paper.
  • Bulow, J. (2003). The Crisis in Pension Funding . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2003). Zvi Griliches on Diffusion, Lags and Productivity Growth...Connecting the Dots . Working Paper.
  • Wright, M. (2003). Private Capital Flows and Default Risk . Working Paper.
  • Wolfers, J. (2003). Did Unilateral Divorce Laws Raise Divorce Rates? A Reconciliation and New Results . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2003). The Organization of Sports Leagues . Working Paper.
  • Rossi-Hansberg, E., & Wright, M. (2003). Urban Structure and Growth . Working Paper.
  • Bajari, P., McMillan, R., & Tadelis, S. (2003). Auctions versus Negotiations in Procurement: An Empirical Analysis . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2003). Can ’Open Science’ be Protected from the Evolving Regime of IPR Protections? (Revised January 2004) . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B., & Rosston, G. (2003). Local Broadband Access: Primum Non Nocere or Primum Processi? A Property Rights Approach . Working Paper.
  • Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2003). A Spatial Theory of Trade . Working Paper.
  • Mankiw, G., Reis, R., & Wolfers, J. (2003). Disagreement about Inflation Expectations . Working Paper.
  • Miller, D. (2003). Invention under Uncertainty and the Threat of Ex Post Entry . Working Paper.
  • Garicano, L., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2003). Organization and Inequality in a Knowledge Economy . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2003). The FCC’s New Television Ownership Rules . Policy Brief.
  • Garcia, M. (2003). Brazil Under Lula: Learning From the Real Plan . Policy Brief.
  • Owen, B., & Portillo, J. (2003). Legal Reform, Externalities and Economic Development: Measuring the Impact of Legal Aid on Poor Women in Ecuador . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B. (2003). Regulatory Reform: The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the FCC Media Ownership Rules . Working Paper.
  • Hatfield, J., & Hauk, W. (2003). The Effects of the Electoral Regime on Trade Policy . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2003). The FCC and Local Competition . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2003). "Koyaanisqatsi" in Cyberspace . Working Paper.
  • Gurrea, S., & Owen, B. (2003). Coordinated Interaction and Clayton §7 Enforcement . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2003). The Economic Logic of ’Open Science’ and the Balance between Private Property Rights and the Public Domain in Scientific Data and Information: A Primer . Working Paper.
  • Leigh, A., Wolfers, J., & Zitzewitz, E. (2003). What do Financial Markets Think of War in Iraq? . Working Paper.
  • Caruana, G., & Einav, L. (2003). A Theory of Endogenous Commitment . Working Paper.
  • Dardia, M., & MaCurdy, T. (2003). California’s Budget Crisis: What Happened? . Policy Brief.
  • Kazumori, E. (2003). Coordination and Decomissioning: NSFNET and the Evolution of the Internet in the United States, 1985-95 . Working Paper.
  • Einav, L. (2003). Gross Seasonality and Underlying Seasonality: Evidence from the U.S. Motion Picture Industry . Working Paper.
  • Singh, R. (2003). Incentive Compensation and the Quality of Disclosure . Working Paper.
  • Dalle, J.-M., & David, P. (2003). The Allocation of Software Development Resources in ’Open Source’ Production Mode . Working Paper.
  • Hope, N., & Li, M. (2003). China’s Private Future . Policy Brief.
  • Yin, P.-L. (2003). Information Dispersion and Auction Prices . Working Paper.
  • Ray, K. (2003). Performance Evaluations over Time . Working Paper.
  • Carman, K. (2003). Social Influences and the Private Provision of Public Goods: Evidence from Charitable Contributions in the Workplace . Working Paper.
  • Shaikh, A. (2003). The Performance of California’s Natural Gas Market during the Electricity Crisis . Working Paper.
  • Li, S. (2003). Too Many Mutual Funds? Financial Product Differentiation Over The State Space . Working Paper.
  • Novarro, N. (2002). Does Earmarking Matter? The Case of State Lottery Profits and Educational Spending . Working Paper.
  • Srinivasan, T. (2002). Globalization: Is It Good or Bad? . Policy Brief.
  • Lustig, H., & Van Nieuwerburg, S. (2002). Housing Collateral, Consumption Insurance and Risk Premia . Working Paper.
  • Zussman, A. (2002). The Limits of Arbitrage: Trading Frictions and Deviations from Purchasing Power Parity . Working Paper.
  • Oyer, P. (2002). Why Do Firms Use Incentives That Have No Incentive Effects? . Working Paper.
  • Oyer, P., & Schaefer, S. (2002). Why Do Some Firms Give Stock Options To All Employees?: An Empirical Examination of Alternative Theories . Working Paper.
  • Arslanalp, S., & Henry, P. (2002). Debt Relief: What Do the Markets Think? . Working Paper.
  • Zhang, L. (2002). Income Distribution and the Allocation of Public Education Expenditure . Working Paper.
  • Fox, J. (2002). Labor Market Competition using Compensation Schemes and Intertemporal Relationships . Working Paper.
  • Weill, P.-O. (2002). Liquidity Premia in Dynamic Bargaining Markets . Working Paper.
  • Hanushek, E. (2002). Teacher Quality and Teacher Salaries . Policy Brief.
  • Lindsey, L. (2002). The Venture Capital Keiretsu Effect: An Empirical Analysis of Strategic Alliances Among Portfolio Firms . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2002). Reforming the Taxation of Human Capital: A Modest Proposal for Promoting Economic Growth . Working Paper.
  • Chari, A., & Henry, P. (2002). Risk Sharing and Asset Prices: Evidence From a Natural Experiment . Working Paper.
  • Oyer, P. (2002). Stock Options - It’s Not Just About Motivation . Policy Brief.
  • Rothwell, G., & Van Der Zwaan, B. (2002). Is Light Water Reactor Technology Sustainable? . Working Paper.
  • Buckley, S. (2002). Trading Costs and Home Bias: Evaluating a Proposal for Resolving the Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle . Working Paper.
  • Levin, J., & Tadelis, S. (2002). A Theory of Partnerships . Working Paper.
  • Fernández-Villaverde, J., & Krueger, D. (2002). Consumption and Saving over the Life Cycle: How Important are Consumer Durables? . Working Paper.
  • Krueger, D., & Perri, F. (2002). Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality? Evidence and Theory . Working Paper.
  • Krueger, D., & Tjornhom, J. (2002). Economic Inequality and the Emergence of Child Labor Laws . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Wimmer, B. (2002). Local Telephone Rate Structures: Before and After the Act . Working Paper.
  • Levin, R., & Levin, J. (2002). Patent Oppositions . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R., & Rosston, G. (2002). The Economics of the Supreme Court’s Decision On Forward Looking Costs . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2002). Federal R&D in the Anti-Terrorist Era . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J. (2002). Enron-Like Accounts of the U.S. Government . Policy Brief.
  • Conesa, J., & Krueger, D. (2002). On the Optimal Progressivity of the Income Tax Code . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., & Imbens, G. (2002). Identification and Inference in Nonlinear Difference-In-Differences Models . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2002). Making Sense of the Enron Nonsense . Policy Brief.
  • Noll, R., & Rosston, G. (2002). Supreme Court decision regarding the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) Implementation of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Policy Brief.
  • Coen, R., & Hickman, B. (2002). The Productivity Surge of the Nineties and Future Growth (Revised February 2003) . Working Paper.
  • Chari, A., & Henry, P. (2002). Capital Account Liberalization: Allocative Efficiency or Animal Spirits? . Working Paper.
  • Krueger, D., & Kumar, K. (2002). Skill-specific rather than General Education: A Reason for Slow European Growth? . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Keely, L. (2002). The Economics of Scientific Research Coalitions: Collaborative Network Formation in the Presence of Multiple Funding Agencies . Working Paper.
  • Rapoport, H. (2002). Who is afraid of the brain drain? Human capital flight and growth in developing countries . Policy Brief.
  • Sawada, Y., & Yotopoulos, P. (2002). Currency Substitution, Speculation and Crises: Theory and Empirical Analysis . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2002). Will Public Policy Protect the Architecture of the Internet? . Policy Brief.
  • Goulder, L. (2002). U.S. Climate-Change Policy: The Bush Administration’s Plan and Beyond . Policy Brief.
  • Goldstein, N. (2002). A Puzzle of Vertical Integration and Segmentation In U.S. Long Distance Telephony . Working Paper.
  • Rothwell, G. (2002). Does the US Subsidize Nuclear Power Insurance? . Policy Brief.
  • Milgrom, P. (2002). Getting To Work . Working Paper.
  • Ausubel, L., & Milgrom, P. (2002). Package Bidding: Vickrey Vs. Ascending Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Yan, K. (2002). Predicting Currency Crises With a Nested Logit Model (Revised July 2002) . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2002). Resolving Policy Chaos in High Speed Internet Access . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2002). The Economics of Baseball Contraction (Revised March 2003) . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2002). The Economics of Promotion and Relegation in Sports Leagues: The Case of English Football . Working Paper.
  • Athey, S., & Stern, S. (2002). The Impact of Information Technology on Emergency Health Care Outcomes . Working Paper.
  • Zussman, A. (2002). The Rise of German Protectionism in The 1870s: A Macroeconomic Perspective . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2001). Broadband Telecommunications Policy: Ending the Chaos . Policy Brief.
  • David, P., & Foray, D. (2001). Economic Fundamentals of the Knowledge Society (Revised February 2002) . Working Paper.
  • Kurz, M. (2001). Heterogenous Forecasting and Federal Reserve Information . Working Paper.
  • Krueger, D., & Kubler, F. (2001). Intergenerational Risk Sharing via Social Security when Financial Markets are Incomplete . Working Paper.
  • Crow, R. (2001). Not Invented Here: What Can be Learned From Elsewhere About Restructuring Electricity Markets . Working Paper.
  • Owen, B., & Rosston, G. (2001). Spectrum Allocation and the Internet . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2001). The Long and Winding Road: The FCC Paves the Path with Good Intentions . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2001). Antitrust Implications of Echostar-DirecTV Proposed Merger . Policy Brief.
  • Kurz, M. (2001). Endogenous Fluctuations and the Role of Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • DeVaro, J. (2001). The Effect of Employer Recruitment Strategies on Job Placements and Match Quality . Working Paper.
  • Romer, P. (2001). Growth Policy . Policy Brief.
  • Bresnahan, T. (2001). Network Effects and Microsoft . Working Paper.
  • Rothwell, G. (2001). Standardization, Diversity, and Learning in China’s Nuclear Power Program . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (2001). The Beginnings and Prospective Ending of "End-to-End": An Evolutionary Perspective on the Internet’s Architecture . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T. (2001). The Economics of the Microsoft Case . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T. (2001). The Right Remedy . Working Paper.
  • Abramovitz, M., & David, P. (2001). Two Centuries of American Macroeconomic Growth From Exploitation of Resource Abundance to Knowledge-Driven Development . Working Paper.
  • Richards, J. (2001). Clusters, Competition, and "Global Players" in ICT Markets: The Case of Scandinavia . Working Paper.
  • Tadelis, S. (2001). Firm Reputation with Hidden Information . Working Paper.
  • Davis, K. (2001). Learning the Silicon Valley Way . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A., Saxenian, A., & Wallsten, S. (2001). "Old Economy" Inputs for "New Economy" Outcomes: Cluster Formation in the New Silicon Valley . Working Paper.
  • Athreye, S. (2001). Agglomeration and Growth: A Study of the Cambridge Hi-Tech Cluster . Working Paper.
  • Arora, A., Gambardella, A., & Torrisi, S. (2001). In the Footsteps of Silicon Valley? Indian and Irish Software in the International Division of Labour . Working Paper.
  • Carmel, E., & De Fontenay, C. (2001). Israel’s Silicon Wadi: The Forces Behind Cluster Formation . Working Paper.
  • González, J. (2001). Mexico’s Macroeconomic Policy Dilemma: How to deal with the "super-peso?" . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2001). Reforming the Taxation of Human Capital: A Modest Proposal (Revised August 2002) . Working Paper.
  • Wallsten, S. (2001). Ringing in the 20th Century: The Effects of State Monopolies, Private Ownership, and Operating Licenses on Telecommunications in Europe, 1892-1914 . Working Paper.
  • Saxenian, A. (2001). Taiwan’s Hsinchu Region: Imitator and Partner for Silicon Valley . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G. (2001). The Future of Wireless . Policy Brief.
  • McKinnon, R. (2001). Can the World Economy Afford American Tax Cuts? . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2001). Will Building ’Good Fences’ Really Make ’Good Neighbors’ in Science? . Working Paper.
  • Beaudry, C., & Swann, P. (2001). Growth in Industrial Clusters: A Bird’s Eye View of the United Kingdom . Working Paper.
  • Tadelis, S. (2001). The Market for Reputations as an Incentive Mechanism . Working Paper.
  • Wallsten, S. (2001). The Problem with Picking Winners: Evaluating Government Support for Commercial R & D . Policy Brief.
  • Wallsten, S. (2001). The Role of Government in Regional Technology Development: The Effects of Public Venture Capital and Science Parks . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2001). The Surprising Retreat of Union Britain . Working Paper.
  • Goldfarb, B., Henrekson, M., & Rosenberg, N. (2001). Demand vs. Supply Driven Innovations: US and Swedish Experiences in Academic Entrepreneurship . Working Paper.
  • Henry, P. (2001). Is Disinflation Good for the Stock Market? . Working Paper.
  • Chari, A., & Henry, P. (2001). Stock Market Liberalizations and the Repricing of Systematic Risk . Working Paper.
  • Arora, S. (2001). Voluntary Abatement and Market Value: An Event Study Approach . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J. (2001). What President Bush Should Do About Social Security . Policy Brief.
  • Zussman, A. (2001). A Purchasing Power Parity Paradox . Working Paper.
  • Eisenberg, D. (2001). Evaluating the Effectiveness of a 0.08% BAC Limit and Other Policies Related to Drunk Driving . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (2001). Expectations, Open Market Operations, and Changes in the Federal Funds Rate . Working Paper.
  • Krueger, A. (2001). Managing Crisis: What Do International Organizations Contribute? . Policy Brief.
  • Yasuda, A. (2001). Relationship Capital and Competition In the Corporate Securities Underwriting Market . Working Paper.
  • Goldfarb, B. (2001). The Effect of Government Contracting On Academic Research . Working Paper.
  • Facchini, G., & Willmann, G. (2001). The Political Economy of International Factor Mobility . Working Paper.
  • Wei, C. (2000). Energy, the Stock Market and the Putty-Clay Investment Model . Working Paper.
  • Steiner, F. (2000). Quantifying Discrimination in Home Mortgage Lending: Estimation of Loan Price Elasticities Across Products and Races . Working Paper.
  • Veldkamp, L. (2000). Slow Boom, Big Crash . Working Paper.
  • Samwick, A. (2000). The Effects of Social Security Reform on Private Pensions . Working Paper.
  • Fuchs, V. (2000). The Future of Managed Care . Policy Brief.
  • Pencavel, J. (2000). A Cohort Analysis of the Association Between Work Hours and Wages Among Men . Working Paper.
  • Wendner, R. (2000). Environmental Externalities and Consumer’s Frames of Reference . Working Paper.
  • Boskin, M., & Lau, L. (2000). Generalized Solow-Neutral Technical Progress and Postwar Economic Growth . Working Paper.
  • Ye, L. (2000). Indicative Bidding . Working Paper.
  • Ruiz-Verdú, P. (2000). Labor Markets Under Endogenous Union Formation . Working Paper.
  • Brown, J., & Warshawsky, M. (2000). Longevity-Insured Retirement Distributions from Pension Plans: Market and Regulatory Issues . Working Paper.
  • Van Biesebroeck, J. (2000). Measuring Productivity Dynamics with Endogenous Choice of Technology and Capacity Utilization: An Application to Automobile Assembly . Working Paper.
  • Hortacsu, A. (2000). Mechanism Choice and Strategic Bidding in Divisible Good Auctions: An Empirical Analysis Of the Turkish Treasury Auction Market . Working Paper.
  • Sialm, C. (2000). Stochastic Taxation and Asset Pricing In Dynamic General Equilibrium . Working Paper.
  • Toole, A. (2000). The Impact of Public Basic Research on Industrial Innovation: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry . Working Paper.
  • Wolak, F. (2000). What Went Wrong With California’s Restructured Electricity Market? . Policy Brief.
  • David, P. (2000). A Tragedy of the Public Knowledge ’Commons’? Global Science, Intellectual Property and The Digital Technology Boomerang . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Wimmer, B. (2000). From C to Shining C: Competition and Cross-Subsidy in Communications . Working Paper.
  • Aoki, M. (2000). Innovation in the Governance of Product-System Innovation: The Silicon Valley Model . Working Paper.
  • Henry, P. (2000). Is Disinflation Good for Growth? . Working Paper.
  • Lombardo, D. (2000). Is There a Cost to Poor Institutions? . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T. (2000). The Microsoft Case: Implications for Competition and Innovation . Policy Brief.
  • Lazear, E. (2000). The Peter Principle: Promotions and Declining Productivity -- revised . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J. (2000). Asset Location for Retirement Savers . Working Paper.
  • Grundfest, J. (2000). The Future of United States Securities Regulation in an Age of Technological Uncertainty . Working Paper.
  • Jappelli, T., & Pistaferri, L. (2000). Intertemporal Choice and Consumption Mobility . Working Paper.
  • Pistaferri, L. (2000). Superior Information, Income Shocks and the Permanent Income Hypothesis . Working Paper.
  • Jones, C. (2000). Sources of U.S. Economic Growth in a World of Ideas . Working Paper.
  • Paal, B. (2000). Measuring the Inflation of Parallel Currencies: An Empirical Reevaluation Of the Second Hungarian Hyperinflation . Working Paper.
  • Cowan, S., Noll, R., & Shirley, M. (2000). Reforming Urban Water Systems in Developing Countries . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (2000). Telecommunications Reform in Developing Countries . Working Paper.
  • Romer, P. (2000). Should the Government Subsidize Supply or Demand in the Market for Scientists and Engineers? . Working Paper.
  • Wallsten, S. (2000). Telecommunications Privatization in Developing Countries: The Real Effects of Exclusivity Periods . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Wimmer, B. (2000). The "State" of Universal Service . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (2000). The Response of Employees to Severance Incentives: The University of California’s Faculty, 1991-1994 . Working Paper.
  • Wallsten, S. (2000). Executive Compensation and Firm Performance: Big Carrot, Small Stick . Working Paper.
  • Bajari, P., & Tadelis, S. (2000). Incentive versus Transaction Costs: A Theory of Procurement Contracts . Working Paper.
  • Jones, C. (2000). Was an Industrial Revolution Inevitable? Economic Growth Over the Very Long Run . Working Paper.
  • Bajari, P., & Kahn, M. (2000). Why Do Blacks Live in The Cities and Whites Live in the Suburbs? Revised . Working Paper.
  • Bajari, P., & Hortacsu, A. (2000). Winner Curse, Reserve Prices and Endogenous Entry: Empirical Insights from eBay Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Bovenberg, L., & Goulder, L. (2000). Neutralizing the Adverse Industry Impacts Of CO2 Abatement Policies: What Does It Cost? . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J. (2000). The Dow Jones Average: The Impact of Fixing Its Flaws . Working Paper.
  • MaCurdy, T., & Shoven, J. (2000). Asset Allocation and Risk Allocation: Can Social Security Improve its Future Solvency Problem by Investing in Private Securities? . Working Paper.
  • Boskin, M. (2000). Economic Measurement: Progress and Challenges . Working Paper.
  • Dickson, J., & Shoven, J. (1999). Tax Externalities of Equity Mutual Funds . Working Paper.
  • Rosston, G., & Wimmer, B. (1999). Winners and Losers from the Universal Service Subsidy Battle . Working Paper.
  • Sawada, Y., & Yotopoulos, P. (1999). Currency Substitution, Speculation, and Financial Crises: Theory and Empirical Analysis . Working Paper.
  • Sawada, Y., & Yotopoulos, P. (1999). Free Currency Markets, Financial Crises and the Growth Debacle: Is There a Causal Relationship? . Working Paper.
  • Boskin, M. (1999). The Vickrey Lecture: From Edgeworth to Vickrey To Mirrlees . Working Paper.
  • David, P., Hall, B., & Toole, A. (1999). Is Public R&D a Complement or Substitute for Private R&D? A Review of the Econometric Evidence . Working Paper.
  • Saxenian, A. (1999). The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection: Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading . Working Paper.
  • Abramovitz, M., & David, P. (1999). American Macroeconomic Growth in the Era of Knowledge-Based Progress: The Long-Run Perspective (see Paper No. 01-005 for expanded version) . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D., & Sererinov, S. (1999). Bequests as Signals: An Explanation for the Equal Division Puzzle . Working Paper.
  • Shavell, S., & Polinsky, M. (1999). The Economic Theory of Public Enforcement of Law . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (1999). Understanding Digital Technology’s Evolution and The Path of Measured Productivity Growth: Present and Future in the Mirror of the Past . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T., & Richards, J. (1999). Local and Global Competition in Information Technology . Working Paper.
  • Toole, A. (1999). The Contribution of Public Science to Industrial Innovation: An Application to the Pharmaceutical Industry . Working Paper.
  • Wimmer, B., & Rosston, G. (1999). The ABC’s of Universal Service: Arbitrage, Big Bucks and Competition . Working Paper.
  • David, P., & Wright, G. (1999). Early Twentieth Century Productivity Growth Dynamics: An Inquiry into the Economic History of Our Ignorance (Revised April 1999) . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D. (1999). Taxation and Saving . Working Paper.
  • Kwerel, E., & Rosston, G. (1999). An Insider’s View of FCC Spectrum Auctions . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T., Hitt, L., & Brynjolfsson, E. (1999). Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-level Evidence . Working Paper.
  • Pencavel, J. (1998). The Appropriate Design of Collective Bargaining Systems: Learning from the Experience of Britain, Australia, and New Zealand . Working Paper.
  • Romer, P., Riddell, C., & Murphy, K. (1998). Wages, Skills and Technology in the United States and Canada . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R. (1998). Competition Policy in European Sports after the Bosman Case . Working Paper.
  • Bresnahan, T. (1998). New Modes of Competition: Implications for the Future Structure of the Computer Industry . Working Paper.
  • Stostad, J.-E. (1998). Reducing the Communication Gap Between Economists and Policy Makers: A Set of Structural Policy Indicators . Working Paper.
  • Taylor, J. (1998). A Historical Analysis of Monetary Policy Rules . Working Paper.
  • Shoven, J. (1998). The Location and Allocation of Assets in Pension and Conventional Savings Accounts . Working Paper.
  • Helpman, E., & Rangel, A. (1998). Adjusting to a New Technology: Experience and Training - Revised June 1999 . Working Paper.
  • Henry, P. (1997). Do Stock Market Liberalizations Cause Investment Booms? . Working Paper.
  • Noll, R., & Price, M. (1997). Communications Policy in the Era of Choice and Convergence with Reflections on the Markle Foundation . Working Paper.
  • Henry, P. (1997). Stock Market Liberalization, Economic Reform, and Emerging Market Equity Prices . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D., Skinner, J., & Weinberg, S. (1997). What Accounts for the Variation in Retirement Wealth Among U.S. Households? . Working Paper.
  • Bernheim, D., Garrett, D., & Maki, D. (1997). Education and Saving: The Long-Term Effects of High School Financial Curriculum Mandates . Working Paper.
  • Aoki, M., & Dinc, S. (1997). Relational Financing as an Institution and its Viability under Competition . Working Paper.
  • McKinnon, R., Ohno, K., & Shirono, K. (1997). The Syndrome of the Ever-Higher Yen, 1971-95: American Mercantile Pressure on Japanese Monetary Policy . Working Paper.
  • Economides, N. (1997). The Incentive for Non-Price Discrimination by an Input Monopolist . Working Paper.
  • Huang, J., Rozelle, S., & Yotopoulos, P. (1997). The Rise of the Middle Class and China’s Future Food Deficit . Working Paper.
  • David, P. (1997). From Market Magic to "Calypso" Science Policy . Working Paper.
  • Economides, N. (1997). The Incentive for Non-Price Discrimination by an Input Monopolist . Working Paper .
  • Economides, N., Lopomo, G., & Woroch, G. (1996). Regulatory Pricing Rules To Neutralize Network Dominance . Working Paper.
  • Litwack, J., & Qian, Y. (1996). Special Economic Zones as Catalysts for Transition . Working Paper.
  • Qian, Y., & Roland, G. (1996). Federalism and the Soft Budget Constraint . Working Paper.
  • Economides, N., Lopomo, G., & Woroch, G. (1996). Strategic Commitments and the Principle of Reciprocity in Interconnection Pricing . Working Paper.
  • Ballard, C., & Shoven, J. (1985). The Efficiency Cost of Achieving Progressivity by Using Exemptions . Working Paper.
  • Benzell, S., & Brynjolfsson, E. The Innovation-Complexity Trade-off: How Bottlenecks Create Superstars and Constrain Growth .

Published on Let's Talk Development

Policy research working paper series publication roundup for january 16-january 31, 2022, marcelo buitron, policy research working paper team, this page in:.

Panumas Yanuthai/ Shutterstock.com

This blog is a biweekly feature highlighting recent working papers from around the World Bank Group that were published in the  World Bank’s Policy Research Working Paper Series . This entry introduces five papers published from January 16 to January 31 on various topics, including fuel subsidies, sovereign bonds, and refugees.   

For the second blog post of 2022, we introduce two fascinating papers that deal with topics related to fossil fuel reform and another one that puts sovereign bonds in a historical perspective. In Illicit Schemes : Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms and the Role of Tax Evasion and Smuggling , Jun Rentschler and Nobuhiro Hosoe develop a computable general equilibrium model for Nigeria, which accounts for informality, tax evasion, and fuel smuggling. In Sovereign Bonds since Waterloo, Carmen Reinhart and coauthors study external sovereign bonds as an asset class by compiling a new database of 266,000 monthly prices of foreign-currency government bonds traded in London and New York between 1815 and 2016, covering up to 91 countries.

  • Illicit Schemes : Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms and the Role of Tax Evasion and Smuggling studies the impact of fuel subsidy reform on consumption, tax incidence, and fiscal efficiency and shows that the presence of illicit activities substantially strengthens the argument in favor of subsidy reform. The paper reveals that fuel subsidy reform can shift the tax base to energy goods, which are less prone to tax evasion losses. It also suggests that by reducing price differentials with neighboring countries, subsidy reform reduces incentives for fuel smuggling. Overall, the results show that considering illicit activities reduces the welfare losses of fuel subsidy reform by at least 40 percent.
  • The main insight in Sovereign Bonds since Waterloo is that, as in equity markets, the returns on external sovereign bonds have been sufficiently high to compensate for risk. Real ex-post returns average more than 6 percent annually across two centuries, including default episodes, major wars, and global crises. This represents an excess return of 3–4 percent above US or UK government bonds, which is comparable to stocks and outperforms corporate bonds. Central to this finding are the high average coupons offered on external sovereign bonds.

The next three papers address interesting topics including heat and criminal records, long-term effects of migration and women in paid employment. In Heat, Crime and Punishment , Patrick Behrer and Valentin Bolotnyy use administrative criminal records from Texas to show how heat affects criminal defendants, police officers, prosecutors, and judges. In Long-Term Effects of the 1923 Mass Refugee Inflow on Social Cohesion in Greece , Elie Murard analyses the long-term social integration of refugees and the effect of their resettlement on social cohesion in the context of the aftermath of the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish conflict, in which 1.2 million Greek Orthodox were forcibly displaced from Turkey to Greece. Finally, in Women in Paid Employment: A Role for Public Policies and Social Norms in Guatemala , Rita Almeida and Mariana Viollaz examine women labor participation rates in Guatemala and show how social norms, attitudes toward women in society, and public policies are important determinants of recent changes in these rates.

  • Heat, Crime and Punishment shows arrests increase by up to 15 percent on hot days, driven by increases in violent crime. There is no evidence that charging-day heat impacts prosecutorial decisions. However, working alone, judges dismiss fewer cases, issue longer prison sentences, and levy higher fines when ruling on hot days. Higher incomes, newer housing, more teamwork, and less accessible weapons may decrease these adverse effects of heat. In Figure 1 below, Panel A reports the average annual number of arrests per capita in each Texas county from 2010 to 2017. Panel B reports the average number of > 90◦F days by county per year over the same time period.

Figure 1: Maps of arrests and heat across Texas

Maps of arrests and heat across Texas

  • Long-Term Effects of the 1923 Mass Refugee Inflow on Social Cohesion in Greece analyses the long-term social integration of refugees and the effect of their resettlement on social cohesion. By combining historical and modern population censuses and surveys, this paper finds that, by the 2000s, refugees display a high rate of intermarriage with Greek natives, report levels of trust in others and in institutions similar to natives and exhibit higher political and civic participation. The historical refugees’ integration starkly contrasts with the social marginalization of recent Albanian immigrants who, unlike the former, neither spoke Greek nor had the same religion as locals upon arrival. These results suggest that early investments in inclusion policies can be effective at fostering refugees’ assimilation, at least when newcomers and locals have similar cultural profiles.
  • Women in Paid Employment: A Role for Public Policies and Social Norms in Guatemala finds that between 2002 and 2018, the female labor force participation (FLFP) rate increased 5.7 percentage points, from an average of 26 to 32 percent nationwide. This increase was partly explained by the drastic increases in the educational attainment of women, the reduction in fertility, and the country’s structural transformation toward services. However, a large component remains unexplained. Exploring 2018 data, the paper shows that social norms, attitudes toward women in society, and public policies are important determinants of these changes. Figure 2 below shows simple municipal-level correlations across FLFP, and several of FLFP drivers. The strong and positive association with the per capita GDP (Panel A) suggests that Guatemalan municipalities are in the upward “U-shaped” curve with development. There is also a positive association with the share of households owning a washing machine (Panel B) suggesting that this type of home technology can free-up time that can be re-allocated to work outside the home. The positive correlation of FLFP with the share of women participating in main household decisions (Panel C) suggests that more gender-balanced societal norms within the household can be an important driver of FLFP. There is a positive relationship with the municipality road accessibility measure (Panel D) suggesting that access to better infrastructure can boost FLFP through reductions in commuting time. A strong negative association with the number of children in the household (12 years or less) suggests that mothers are less likely to work than other women. Finally, municipalities with higher shares of employment in the primary sector tend to have lower FLFP rates as well (Panel F).

Figure 2. Correlations between FLFP and municipal level variables capturing household characteristics, social norms, local labor market factors, and public policy

Correlations between FLFP and municipal level variables capturing household characteristics, social norms, local labor market factors, and public policy

The following are other interesting papers published in the second half of January. Please make sure to read them as well.

  • Public Debt Reporting in Developing Countries (Rivetti,Diego)
  • Can Economics Become More Reflexive Exploring the Potential of Mixed-Methods (Rao,Vijayendra)
  • Local Peace Agreements and the Return of IDPs with Perceived ISIL Affiliation in Iraq (Parry,Jacqueline Margarethe,Aymerich,Olga)
  • Social Cohesion and Refugee-Host Interactions : Evidence from East Africa (Betts,Alexander Milton Stedman,Stierna,Maria Flinder,Omata,Naohiko,Sterck,Olivier Christian Brigitte)
  • How Do Shared Experiences of Economic Shocks Impact Refugees and Host Communities Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Iran (Hoseini,Mohammad,Dideh,Mahsa Jahan)
  • The Impacts of Lockdown Policies on International Trade in the Philippines (Arenas,Guillermo Carlos,Majune,Socrates Kraido,Montfaucon,Angella Faith Lapukeni)
  • Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Conflict: The 2015 Refugee Inflow in Germany (Albarosa,Emanuele,Elsner,Benjamin)
  • Labor Market Integration, Local Conditions and Inequalities : Evidence from Refugees in Switzerland (Müller,Tobias,Pannatier,Pia,Viarengo,Martina Giorgia)
  • Nature-Related Financial Risks in Brazil
  • Exploring the Urban Model : Employment, Housing, and Infrastructure (Sturm,Daniel Marbod,Takeda,Kohei,Venables,Anthony J.)
  • Nonclassical Measurement Error and Farmers’ Response to Information Reveal Behavioral Anomalies (Abay,Kibrom A.,Barrett,Christopher B.,Kilic,Talip,Moylan,Heather G.,Ilukor,John,Vundru,Wilbert Drazi)
  • Surveying Informal Businesses : Methodology and Applications  (Aga,Gemechu A.,Francis,David C.,Jolevski,Filip,Rodriguez Meza,Jorge Luis,Wimpey,Joshua Seth)
  • The Effects of Subsidizing Social Security Contributions : Job creation or Informality Reduction (Aşık,Güneş,Bossavie,Laurent Loic Yves,Kluve,Jochen,Nas Ozen,Selin Efsan,Nebiler,Metin,Oviedo Silva,Ana Maria)

Marcelo Buitron, Operations Officer

Operations Officer

Blog Author

Join the Conversation

Report Series: Policy Research Working Papers

Published titles, supported language, document type, sub-saharan africa, sustainable development goals, results per page, search results.

Thumbnail Image

  • 1 (current)

English Language Requirement and Educational Inequality: Evidence from 16 Million College Applicants in China

This paper studies the unintended effect of English language requirement on educational inequality by investigating how the staggered rollout of English listening tests in China’s high-stakes National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) affected the rural-urban gap in college access. Leveraging administrative data covering the universe of NCEE participants between 1999 and 2003, we find that the introduction of English listening tests significantly lowered rural students’ exam score percentile ranks relative to their urban counterparts, resulting in a 30% increase in the rural-urban gap in college access. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that, as a result of this policy change, more than 54,000 rural students lost college seats to their urban peers between 1999 and 2003, and another 11,000 rural students who elite colleges could have admitted ended up in non-elite colleges, causing them significant future income losses.

I have read the NBER disclosure policy and attest that this acknowledgment discloses all sources of funding and all material and relevant financial relationships. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

Download Citation Data

Working Groups

More from nber.

In addition to working papers , the NBER disseminates affiliates’ latest findings through a range of free periodicals — the NBER Reporter , the NBER Digest , the Bulletin on Retirement and Disability , the Bulletin on Health , and the Bulletin on Entrepreneurship  — as well as online conference reports , video lectures , and interviews .

15th Annual Feldstein Lecture, Mario Draghi, "The Next Flight of the Bumblebee: The Path to Common Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone cover slide

Logo Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law

  • Research Interaction at the Institute
  • Publications

You are here: Research Research Areas Public International Law Tracking Systemic Change ILP

  • Research Profile
  • Public International Law
  • Human Rights and the Protection of Minorities
  • European Law
  • Comparative Public Law
  • Research Projects
  • Activity Reports
  • Institutional Cooperation

Workshop: "Comparative International Legal Policy: National Political Approaches towards International Legal Order", 5-6 June 2024, Harnack House, Berlin

Call for papers.

A seeming consensus has developed that the international legal order is undergoing a period of significant disruption, yet few agreed indices have emerged for analysing the reality, form and magnitude of changes at a systemic level. This workshop on ‘comparative international legal policy’ seeks to improve understanding of contestation that extends beyond specific rules and institutions, by developing an account of differences and similarities in states’ policy approaches and perceived ‘roles’ towards the system of international law. Scholars in comparative international law, the politics of international law and global order, on the role of international legal advisers, International Relations (IR) and its subfield of foreign policy analysis—plus further relevant fields—are invited to submit papers for a Berlin workshop on states’ changing political approaches towards the international legal order.

Legal advisers and policymakers increasingly face questions that are not merely interpretive in nature, but require perspectives on the basic power and social relations to be enshrined in international law. This task encapsulates a critical tension at the heart of the international legal order: that its internal legitimacy depends on upholding the integrity of legal norms distinct from politics, yet its external legitimacy depends on the normativity of states’ political approaches towards the design and development of law. The re-emerging field of ‘comparative international law’ is among legal scholarship’s most notable attempts to account for resulting forms of difference, which include both variations in legal interpretation, as well as more profound divergences in states’ political approaches towards law. The concept of international legal policy (ILP) accordingly emerges as a potential bridge across interrelated fields, defined here as the specific type of foreign policy concerned with the conception of and strategies taken in relation to international legal rules and institutions.

The principle advantage of reframing research as comparative international legal policy is to facilitate an interdisciplinary reconsideration of legal scholarship’s blind spots, with foreign policy analysis into policymaker’s perceived national ‘roles’ offering a promising guide to non-legal approaches that are integral to the design and development of international law. Expressions of these intuitive role conceptions vary across national statements and include being: ‘an advocate of the rule of law, human rights and democratic freedoms’ (Germany);  a ‘trusted mediator role, to be a bridge-builder’ (Singapore); ‘further developing international rules and norms, as well as a bridge-builder to bring together parties that hold different views’ (South Africa); a ‘good international citizen’ (Australia);  ‘one of the influential sovereign centres of world development and civilization’ (Russia); participating in ‘reform and development of the global governance system’ (China); and playing an ‘enduring role’ as ‘the world’s leading power’ (United States). This workshop aims to identify and compare the roles that government policymakers seek to perform as both subjects and authors of international law, including shifts in those role conceptions, which offers a novel framework for observing change and continuity across the international legal order as a whole.

Key themes and questions to guide paper submissions and workshop discussion include the following:

  • Identifying the dimensions of states’ distinctive international legal policy approaches towards the interpretation, design and development of international legal order;
  • Exploring how differences in power and social position within the legal order are reflected in ILP—e.g. whether policymakers develop international law to enable or constrain state action, including approaches to the deformalisation of law and legalisation/juridification of international relations;
  • Comparing similarities and differences in ILPs according to further non-legal variables, including but not limited to: domestic political culture; legal tradition; geopolitical grouping; global south, developmental and postcolonial politics; cultural and ‘civilisational’ identity;
  • The interdisciplinary value that foreign policy analysis can offer to international legal scholarship, including especially analysis of national ‘role’ conceptions in relation to international law;
  • The scholarly advantages of further developing the field of comparative international law versus the potential risks that analysing forms of difference poses to the unity of international law;
  • How policy approaches influence the development of international law across distinct regimes—e.g. international peace and security, human rights, environment, international trade and investment;
  • The function and different understandings of political frames such as the ‘liberal’, ‘rules-based’ or ‘multipolar’ international order for national and transnational approaches towards international law;
  • To what degree upholding the integrity of international legal order is endogenous to conceptions of the national interest, including whether legal advisers perceive these interests differently to non-lawyer counterparts.

The workshop convenors invite submissions from international law and IR scholarship, including especially those that promote interdisciplinary understanding of the policy dimensions of international legal practice. The workshop is designed to create direct engagement between the first-hand perspectives of decision-makers, hailing from diverse geographic regions and legal traditions, and scholars engaged in comparative secondary analysis of the ways these policymakers receive broader social factors shaping international law. Especially welcome are contributions that offer an account of international legal policy from a particular national, geopolitical or cultural perspective.

  • Call for Papers November 2023 (PDF, 272.4 KB)

Workshop and Submission Information

Submission Procedure

We invite abstract submissions of maximum 500 words, plus a 200 word biography, emailed to [email protected] by 15 January 2024, with selected participants notified by 5 February 2024. Papers are to be submitted by 20 May 2024, for timely circulation and respondent preparation. We welcome both draft paper outlines (approximately 1,500-3,000 words), as well as fully-fledged papers (up to 10,000 words including references). Participants will be subsequently invited to revise their written contributions to incorporate workshop themes and discussions, as the foundation for further project events and a collaborative academic volume.

Organisation

The two-day workshop will take place between 5-6 June 2024 at Harnack House, the conference venue of the Max Planck Society, Ihnestrasse 16-20, 14195 Berlin  Information here . There is limited funding available to cover travel costs and accommodation for presenting participants. Please indicate whether you require funding when submitting your abstract. The workshop is part of the research project Tracking Systemic Change: Policies for Constructing International Legal Order  co-convened by Malcolm Jorgensen ( [email protected] ) and Christian Marxsen ( [email protected] ).

Project and Workshop Funding

This workshop and project is funded by the Volkswagen Foundation initiative NEXT - Law between Normativity and Reality , which aims to promote cooperative legal science projects that are characterised by an inclusion of questions that specifically deal with the relationship between normativity and reality and make it the subject of legal science research.

Conceptual Working Paper

Malcolm Jorgensen, ‘Comparative International Legal Policy: National Political Approaches towards International Legal Order’ (24 January 2024)  Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law & International Law (MPIL) Research Paper No. 2024-03  < https://ssrn.com/abstract=4705207 >.

research policy working paper

  • All Stories
  • Journalists
  • Expert Advisories
  • Media Contacts
  • X (Twitter)
  • Arts & Culture
  • Business & Economy
  • Education & Society
  • Environment
  • Law & Politics
  • Science & Technology
  • International
  • 2024 Elections
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Abortion Access
  • Mental Health

Study finds that urban agriculture must be carefully planned to have climate benefits

  • Jim Erickson

Preparing seedlings for planting at a collective garden in London, England. Urban food production spaces like this can provide numerous social and community benefits but require careful crop selection and management to cut the carbon footprints of cities. Image credit: Victoria Schoen

A new University of Michigan-led international study finds that fruits and vegetables grown in urban farms and gardens have a carbon footprint that is, on average, six times greater than conventionally grown produce.

However, a few city-grown crops equaled or outperformed conventional agriculture under certain conditions. Tomatoes grown in the soil of open-air urban plots had a lower carbon intensity than tomatoes grown in conventional greenhouses, while the emissions difference between conventional and urban agriculture vanished for air-freighted crops like asparagus.

“The exceptions revealed by our study suggest that urban agriculture practitioners can reduce their climate impacts by cultivating crops that are typically greenhouse-grown or air-freighted, in addition to making changes in site design and management,” said study co-lead author Jason Hawes , a doctoral student at U-M’s School for Environment and Sustainability.

“Urban agriculture offers a variety of social, nutritional and place-based environmental benefits, which make it an appealing feature of future sustainable cities. This work shines light on ways to ensure that urban agriculture benefits the climate, as well as the people and places it serves.”

Urban garden in Nantes, France. Image credit: Baptiste Grard

Urban agriculture, the practice of farming within the confines of a city, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide and is touted as a way to make cities and urban food systems more sustainable. By some estimates, between 20% and 30% of the global urban population engages in some form of urban agriculture.

Despite strong evidence of the social and nutritional benefits of urban agriculture, its carbon footprint remains understudied. Most previously published studies have focused on high-tech, energy-intensive forms of UA—such as vertical farms and rooftop greenhouses—even though the vast majority of urban farms are decidedly low-tech: crops grown in soil on open-air plots.

The new U-M-led study, published online Jan. 22 in the journal Nature Cities, aimed to fill some of the knowledge gaps by comparing the carbon footprints of food produced at low-tech urban agriculture sites to conventional crops. It used data from 73 urban farms and gardens in five countries and is the largest published study to compare the carbon footprints of urban and conventional agriculture.

“Beyond food production, urban food growers experience mental and physical health benefits, share environmental education, and enable community capacity-building,” Hawes said. “They also cultivate environmental improvements, offering homes for bees and urban wildlife as well as some protection from the urban heat island effect. In a recent project, we partnered with individual gardeners, volunteers, and farm managers to explore these benefits, while also assessing the carbon footprint of the practice.”

Three types of urban agriculture sites were analyzed: urban farms (professionally managed and focused on food production), individual gardens (small plots managed by single gardeners) and collective gardens (communal spaces managed by groups of gardeners).

For each site, the researchers calculated the climate-altering greenhouse gas emissions associated with on-farm materials and activities over the lifetime of the farm. The emissions, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per serving of food, were then compared to foods raised by conventional methods.

On average, food produced through urban agriculture emitted 0.42 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per serving, six times higher than the 0.07 kg CO2e per serving of conventionally grown produce.

“By assessing actual inputs and outputs on urban agriculture sites, we were able to assign climate change impacts to each serving of produce,” said study co-lead author Benjamin Goldstein , assistant professor at U-M’s School for Environment and Sustainability. “This dataset reveals that urban agriculture has higher carbon emissions per serving of fruit or vegetable than conventional agriculture—with a few exceptions.”

Joshua Newell , professor and co-director of the Center for Sustainable Systems at SEAS, led the University of Michigan portion of the project. The U-M researchers formed an international team of collaborators from universities near the various food-growing sites. Ten of those collaborators are co-authors of the Nature Cities study.

Farmers and gardeners at urban agriculture sites in France, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States were recruited as citizen scientists and used daily diary entries to record inputs and harvests from their food-growing sites throughout the 2019 season.

Inputs to the urban agriculture sites fell into three main categories: infrastructure (such as the raised beds in which food is grown, or pathways between plots), supplies (including compost, fertilizer, weed-blocking fabric and gasoline for machinery), and irrigation water.

Urban collective garden at a New York City Housing Authority site. The garden provides educational and recreational opportunities for residents, in addition to fresh produce. Image credit: Nevin Cohen

“Most of the climate impacts at urban farms are driven by the materials used to construct them—the infrastructure,” Goldstein said. “These farms typically only operate for a few years or a decade, so the greenhouse gases used to produce those materials are not used effectively. Conventional agriculture, on the other hand, is very efficient and hard to compete with.”

For example, conventional farms often grow a single crop with the help of pesticides and fertilizers, resulting in larger harvests and a reduced carbon footprint when compared to urban farms, he said.

The researchers identified three best practices crucial to making low-tech urban agriculture more carbon-competitive with conventional agriculture:

  • Extend infrastructure lifetimes. Extend the lifetime of UA materials and structures such as raised beds, composting infrastructure and sheds. A raised bed used for five years will have approximately four times the environmental impact, per serving of food, as a raised bed used for 20 years.
  • Use urban wastes as UA inputs. Conserve carbon by engaging in “urban symbiosis,” which includes giving a second life to used materials, such as construction debris and demolition waste, that are unsuitable for new construction but potentially useful for UA. The most well-known symbiotic relationship between cities and UA is composting. The category also includes using rainwater and recycled grey water for irrigation.
  • Generate high levels of social benefits. In a survey conducted for the study, UA farmers and gardeners overwhelmingly reported improved mental health, diet and social networks. While increasing these “nonfood outputs” of UA does not reduce its carbon footprint, “growing spaces which maximize social benefits can outcompete conventional agriculture when UA benefits are considered holistically,” according to the study authors.

Co-authors of the Nature Cities paper are from McGill University in Canada, University Paris-Saclay and the Agroecology and Environmental Research Unit in France, the University of Kent in the United Kingdom, ILS Research in Germany, City University of New York and Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland.

Support for the project was provided by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, French National Research Agency, U.S. National Science Foundation, Poland’s National Science Centre, and the European Union’s Horizon 202 research and innovation program.

University of Michigan Logo

412 Maynard St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1399 Email [email protected] Phone 734-764-7260 About Michigan News

  • Engaged Michigan
  • Global Michigan
  • Michigan Medicine
  • Public Affairs

Publications

  • Michigan Today
  • The University Record

Office of the Vice President for Communications © 2024 The Regents of the University of Michigan

  • Skip to Guides Search
  • Skip to breadcrumb
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to footer
  • Skip to chat link
  • Report accessibility issues and get help
  • Go to Penn Libraries Home
  • Go to Franklin catalog

Critical Writing Program: Decision Making - Spring 2024: Researching the White Paper

  • Getting started
  • News and Opinion Sites
  • Academic Sources
  • Grey Literature
  • Substantive News Sources
  • What to Do When You Are Stuck
  • Understanding a citation
  • Examples of Quotation
  • Examples of Paraphrase
  • Chicago Manual of Style: Citing Images
  • Researching the Op-Ed
  • Researching Prospective Employers
  • Resume Resources
  • Cover Letter Resources

Research the White Paper

Researching the White Paper:

The process of researching and composing a white paper shares some similarities with the kind of research and writing one does for a high school or college research paper. What’s important for writers of white papers to grasp, however, is how much this genre differs from a research paper.  First, the author of a white paper already recognizes that there is a problem to be solved, a decision to be made, and the job of the author is to provide readers with substantive information to help them make some kind of decision--which may include a decision to do more research because major gaps remain. 

Thus, a white paper author would not “brainstorm” a topic. Instead, the white paper author would get busy figuring out how the problem is defined by those who are experiencing it as a problem. Typically that research begins in popular culture--social media, surveys, interviews, newspapers. Once the author has a handle on how the problem is being defined and experienced, its history and its impact, what people in the trenches believe might be the best or worst ways of addressing it, the author then will turn to academic scholarship as well as “grey” literature (more about that later).  Unlike a school research paper, the author does not set out to argue for or against a particular position, and then devote the majority of effort to finding sources to support the selected position.  Instead, the author sets out in good faith to do as much fact-finding as possible, and thus research is likely to present multiple, conflicting, and overlapping perspectives. When people research out of a genuine desire to understand and solve a problem, they listen to every source that may offer helpful information. They will thus have to do much more analysis, synthesis, and sorting of that information, which will often not fall neatly into a “pro” or “con” camp:  Solution A may, for example, solve one part of the problem but exacerbate another part of the problem. Solution C may sound like what everyone wants, but what if it’s built on a set of data that have been criticized by another reliable source?  And so it goes. 

For example, if you are trying to write a white paper on the opioid crisis, you may focus on the value of  providing free, sterilized needles--which do indeed reduce disease, and also provide an opportunity for the health care provider distributing them to offer addiction treatment to the user. However, the free needles are sometimes discarded on the ground, posing a danger to others; or they may be shared; or they may encourage more drug usage. All of those things can be true at once; a reader will want to know about all of these considerations in order to make an informed decision. That is the challenging job of the white paper author.     
 The research you do for your white paper will require that you identify a specific problem, seek popular culture sources to help define the problem, its history, its significance and impact for people affected by it.  You will then delve into academic and grey literature to learn about the way scholars and others with professional expertise answer these same questions. In this way, you will create creating a layered, complex portrait that provides readers with a substantive exploration useful for deliberating and decision-making. You will also likely need to find or create images, including tables, figures, illustrations or photographs, and you will document all of your sources. 

Business & Research Support Services Librarian

Profile Photo

Connect to a Librarian Live Chat or "Ask a Question"

  • Librarians staff live chat from 9-5 Monday through Friday . You can also text to chat: 215-543-7674
  • You can submit a question 24 hours a day and we aim to respond within 24 hours 
  • You can click the "Schedule Appointment" button above in librarian's profile box (to the left), to schedule a consultation with her in person or by video conference.  
  • You can also make an appointment with a  Librarian by subject specialization . 
  • Connect by email with a subject librarian

Find more easy contacts at our Quick Start Guide

  • Next: Getting started >>
  • Last Updated: Feb 15, 2024 12:28 PM
  • URL: https://guides.library.upenn.edu/spring2024/decision-making

IMAGES

  1. ReSPA

    research policy working paper

  2. 😀 Last page of a research paper. How to Write a Research Paper (with

    research policy working paper

  3. FREE 13+ Sample Research Proposals in MS Word

    research policy working paper

  4. Name: Public Policy Research Paper Purpose: To research a

    research policy working paper

  5. FREE 5+ Sample Research Paper Templates in PDF

    research policy working paper

  6. 32+ Research Paper Samples

    research policy working paper

VIDEO

  1. 12 Crore Package on the basis of UIIC Job Experience

  2. Presentation of Policy Research Paper

  3. Planning and Transportation Policy Working Group (25.01.24)

  4. Research Paper Presentation

  5. Research paper discussion

  6. Contribution in research paper

COMMENTS

  1. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers

    The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series encourages the exchange of ideas on development and quickly disseminates the findings of research in progress. This series is aimed at showcasing World Bank research—analytic work designed to produce results with wide applicability across countries or sectors.

  2. Working Papers

    Working papers bring policy-relevant research to the public in a timely manner and have at least one IPR faculty author. While they are prepublication papers, it is expected that that they meet normal standards for scholarly excellence. Most of these working papers are eventually published in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals.

  3. Working Papers

    We present a ranking of journals geared toward measuring the policy relevance of research. We compute simple impact factors that count only citations made in central bank publications, such as their working paper series. ... Working Paper 2023-025B updated September 2023 This paper studies differences in health care usage and health outcomes ...

  4. Working Papers

    Home Research Working Papers Working Papers New research by NBER affiliates, circulated prior to peer review for discussion and comment. NBER Working Papers may not offer policy recommendations or normative judgments about policies, but may report analytic results on the effects of policies.

  5. Policy Research Working Papers

    The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. Titles are submitted from units around the World Bank for internal review and inclusion in this series which is managed by the Development Economics Research Support unit.

  6. Policy Research Working Papers by the Development Research Group

    The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper series encourages the exchange of ideas on development and quickly disseminates the findings of research in progress. This series is aimed at showcasing Bank research, i.e. analytic work designed to produce results with wide applicability across countries or sectors.

  7. Working Papers

    Working Papers | Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Working Papers Working paper submission form for Stanford faculty Clayton, C., Maggiori, M., & Schreger, J. (2024). A Framework for Geoeconomics. Working Paper. Donkor, K., Goette, L., Müller, M. ., Dimant, E., & Kurschilgen, M. (2023). Identity and Economic Incentives.

  8. Policy Research Working Papers

    The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. Titles are submitted from units around the World Bank for internal review and inclusion in this series which is managed by the Development Economics Research Support unit. These are pre-print drafts ...

  9. Governance Matters

    Abstract: October 1999 Six new aggregate measures capturing various dimensions of governance provide new evidence of a strong causal relationship from better governance to better development outcomes.

  10. World Bank eLibrary: Working Papers

    The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of works in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. Titles are submitted from units around the World Bank for review and inclusion in this series, which is managed by the Development Economics Research Support unit. BROWSE RESULTS Past Series

  11. PDF POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER

    Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Please contact Cynthia Bernardo, room MC2-501, telephone 202-473-1148, fax 202-522-1154, Internet address cbernardoCljworldbank.org. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http:/

  12. Publications

    DP18813 Money Market Funds and the Pricing of Near-Money Assets. Doerr. Eren. Malamud. Discussion paper / 5 Feb 2024. CEPR produce a wide range of publications, from eBooks to policy briefs to working papers. Many of these publications are available to download, free of charge, on the individual publications pages.

  13. Research Policy

    Policy, management and economic studies of science, technology and innovation Research Policy (RP) articles examine empirically and theoretically the interaction between innovation, technology or research, on the one hand, and economic, social, political and organizational processes, on the other.All RP papers are expected to yield findings that have implications for policy or management.

  14. Working Papers

    Research & Impact Putting the highest standards of analytic rigor to work in the service of the public good. Learn More Faculty Publications Working Papers Centers News Center Policy Initiatives Career Services Career Services The resources, support, and network for the next step in your policy career. Learn More For Students For Employers

  15. Publications

    Our policy briefs and working papers showcase the latest ideas and research produced by our faculty affiliates. These publications inform the discussions and decisions being made about pressing economic policies. Working paper submission form for Stanford faculty. Clayton, C., Maggiori, M., & Schreger, J. (2024). A Framework for Geoeconomics.

  16. Measuring Human Capital

    Sections. PDF (0.7 MB) Tools. Share. Abstract: Students around the world are going to school but are not learning—an emerging gap in human capital formation. To understand this gap, this paper introduces a new data set measuring learning in 164 countries and territories. The data cover 98 percent of the world's population from 2000 to 2017.

  17. Policy Research Working Paper series publication roundup for January 16

    This blog is a biweekly feature highlighting recent working papers from around the World Bank Group that were published in the World Bank's Policy Research Working Paper Series. This entry introduces five papers published from January 16 to January 31 on various topics, including fuel subsidies, sovereign bonds, and refugees.

  18. PDF POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER

    The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be used and cited accordingly.

  19. PDF STATISTICAL POLICY WORKING PAPER 22 (Second version, 2005) Report on

    Statistical Policy Working Papers are prepared by the subcommittee members and are reviewed and approved by FCSM members. The Confidentiality and Data Access Committee (CDAC) is a special interest subcommittee of the FCSM that was formed in 1995 as a result of recommendations contained in the original Statistical Policy Working Paper 22.

  20. Industrial Policy and the Great Divergence

    Industrial Policy and the Great Divergence. Réka Juhász & Claudia Steinwender. Working Paper 31736. DOI 10.3386/w31736. Issue Date September 2023. Revision Date November 2023. We discuss recent work evaluating the role of the government in shaping the economy during the long 19th century, a practice we refer to as industrial policy.

  21. Policy Research Working Papers

    The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. Titles are submitted from units around the World Bank for internal review and inclusion in this series which is managed by the Development Economics Research Support unit. These are pre-print drafts ...

  22. Full article: A critical review of GenAI policies in higher education

    Among these criticisms, a large number of opinion articles and research papers have been published (e.g. Chan Citation 2023a; Lodge, Thompson, and Corrin Citation 2023; Rudolph, Tan, and Tan Citation 2023). ... Original work and non-AI-assisted work. In our policy analysis, we found that students' use of GenAI is viewed as a threat to the ...

  23. English Language Requirement and Educational Inequality: Evidence from

    Research; Working Papers; English Language Requirement and… English Language Requirement and Educational Inequality: Evidence from 16 Million College Applicants in China. Hongbin Li, ... Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that, as a result of this policy change, more than 54,000 rural students lost college seats to their urban ...

  24. Workshop: "Comparative International Legal Policy"

    The principle advantage of reframing research as comparative international legal policy is to facilitate an interdisciplinary reconsideration of legal scholarship's blind spots, with foreign policy analysis into policymaker's perceived national 'roles' offering a promising guide to non-legal approaches that are integral to the design ...

  25. R&D and Development

    Abstract: Lederman and Maloney trace the evolution of research and development (R&D) expenditures along the development process using a new global panel data set. They show that R&D effort measured as a share of GDP rises with development at an increasing rate.

  26. Study finds that urban agriculture must be carefully planned to have

    This work shines light on ways to ensure that urban agriculture benefits the climate, as well as the people and places it serves." ... Co-authors of the Nature Cities paper are from McGill University in Canada, University Paris-Saclay and the Agroecology and Environmental Research Unit in France, the University of Kent in the United Kingdom ...

  27. Researching the White Paper

    The research you do for your white paper will require that you identify a specific problem, seek popular culture sources to help define the problem, its history, its significance and impact for people affected by it. You will then delve into academic and grey literature to learn about the way scholars and others with professional expertise ...

  28. EconPapers: Policy Research Working Paper Series

    Sinha, Shalini [editor], Renana Jhabvala, Junaid Kamal Ahmad, Ela Bhatt, Jayashree Vyas, K. Rajeswara Rao, James P. Lynch, Meera Mehta and Smita Ghatate. 23937: Abstracts: Policy Research working paper series - numbers 2754 - 2802. Anonymous. 23611: Abstracts: policy research working paper series - numbers 2680 - 2753.

  29. Between Continuity and Change in the Italian Legal Profession ...

    This paper provides an empirical study of Italian "boutique law firms". By building on seventeen semi-structured interviews with lawyers, the paper explores institutional, professional, and societal features of such firms and their lawyers.