Getting Access to Out-of-Scope Variables with Field Symbols in ABAP

2013-03-04        ABAP

Recently, I came across a situation which required me to modify an internal table which was not in the scope of my program. My client wanted to take over the “System Condition” indicator from a maintenance task list into the maintenance item. A task list can be referenced in each item of a maintenance plan, but the System Condition field is not carried over automatically.

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assign variable from another program abap

However, I had no means of accessing this field directly. The only way to get control over the program flow in the transactions  IP01 / IP02 / IP10  was the user exit  IPRM0004  (customer check of maintenance plan at save), but there was no way to return any data changes to the calling function group IWP3 from this point. I would have needed to access the table IMPOS, which contains all maintenance items for the maintenance plan.

The following diagram shows the situation.

assign variable from another program abap

Situation in the Customer Exit IPRM0004

The question now was to modify the table IMPOS when the interface of the function module EXIT_SAPLIWP3_004 didn’t give me any possibility to return data to the calling program.

So, what did I do? ABAP offers a way to get access to any variable which is currently defined in the global scope, and this way is via field-symbols and the dynamic assign technique. Let’s start with a simple example, which demonstrates a static assign.

Quite easy so far – the program would output ‘DCBA’, because the field symbol was assigned to point to the variable lv_var and its value was changed via the field symbol. The next example shows the dynamic assign. It’s called dynamic because the field symbol can be pointed to a variable whose name is only known at run time. To do this, we need to put the name of the variable in a string literal in brackets, like this:

The brackets tell the system to assign the field symbol to the variable name returned by the expression between the brackets. In this case it’s a character literal, it could also be a variable which has the value ‘lv_var’. Now, in the third step we will access a variable which is not in the scope of the current program, but loaded in the global runtime environment. To do this, we need to know the name of the program where the variable is loaded, and – again – put it in brackets. I will now use the exact coding I did for the client as an example.

So, what are we doing here? The first step contains one peculiarity:

We don’t type the field symbol to the exact type of the internal table IMPOS, because field symbols don’t allow us to do that. Instead, we use the generic type TABLE. Next, we do the assignment, which looks like somebody hit all the number keys on their keyboard with caps lock on:

Let’s look at that expression step by step. We’ve seen the character literal in brackets before; in our second example. So we assign our table-typed field symbol to this variable:

ABAP Developers will recognize the square brackets to indicate an internal table with header line – if they were omitted, our field symbol would point to the table’s header line and we would get a dump because of the type mismatch. What remains is the program name of the program where the variable is loaded. If we put that in brackets in front of the actual variable name, the field symbol will point to the variable in this program. By the way – with this technique you can also access variables outside of the current scope in the debugger.

The remaining part of the program should be rather easy to understand. We loop over the maintenance positions, using the ASSIGNING technique we get the field symbol <fs_mpos> to point to each single row. They are then checked for existence of a task list and, if one is found, the respective system condition is read and saved in the maintenance position.

Now, because all this was done before the COMMIT WORK, the system will handle this as if the user did the update himself and will save the changed system condition flag to the database.

Just another little hint here: Assigning pointers all over the place is not considered very good development practice. In this particular case, I didn’t have any other choices, but you should make sure there is no other way to achieve what you want to do before you do this little piece of hacking.

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Accessing one program data in another program easily without export and import / Set and Get

The first program sets a table record LT and calls subroutine of the second program and it doesn’t pass the table to the subroutine.

assign variable from another program abap

 Hers is the subroutine defined in the second program.

assign variable from another program abap

Execute the first report with debug point set.

assign variable from another program abap

 Here we have some records. F5 and the subroutine is called.

assign variable from another program abap

 Now we are in the second program and we can’t access the variable directly which are declared in the first program. Now the data is passed to the subroutine.

assign variable from another program abap

Let’s dynamic access the table defined in the first report by help of field symbol.

assign variable from another program abap

Now again execute the report.

assign variable from another program abap

 So here we have the data.

assign variable from another program abap

Here is the output list.

assign variable from another program abap

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New Features in ABAP 7.4 – Declaring and Creating Variables

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Declaring and Creating Variables in ABAP 7.4

In this blog installment, I’d like to introduce you to a new feature called Inline Declarations. It’s a very simple feature, but very useful, and can make our code base smaller and easier to understand. Inline declaration means, that you declare your local variables as embedded in the given context, instead of declaring them separately at the beginning of program (i.e. the TOP INCLUDE).

ABAP 7.4 Data Type Declarations

As stated in the book ABAP to the Future , the compiler knows what data type it wants, in fact it has to know in order to be able to perform a syntax check, so why not let it decide the data type of your variable and create it? So instead of declaring it yourself, let the compiler declare it for you.. lets look at some examples.

Before ABAP 7.4

What if instead, you could code this…

With ABAP 7.4

OR this…

Becomes…

What about field symbols? Well For field symbols there is the new declaration operator FIELD-SYMBOL(…) that you can use now. Lets look at the 3 examples of how to use this new operator below…

Using The “NEW” Constructor Operator in ABAP 7.4

With Release 7.40 ABAP supports so called constructor operators. Constructor operators are used in constructor expressions to create a result that can be used at operand positions. The syntax for constructor expressions is

“NEW” is a constructor operator. “TYPE” is the explicit name of a data type. Inside the parentheses specific parameters can be specified.

So looking at some examples, for ABAP OO creating an instance …

And for Data objects…

Using The “VALUE” Constructor Operator in ABAP 7.4

The VALUE constructor operator works similarly to the NEW Operator to create the ITAB entries. Using the VALUE operator, the itab would be initialized and records would be inserted. let’s look at an example, first we will create an table type…

OK, so let’s take a look at these inside the debugger. As you can see we accomplished the same goal with way fewer lines of code.

abap-740-value-debug

Using the “FOR” Iteration Expression in ABAP 7.4

What is an Iteration Expression ? Well you and I do not normally hard code our internal table entries as shown above. This is not feasible for large tables, and hard coding is generally frowned upon as a practice. Usually we fill our internal tables by reading the SAP database. We also filled one internal table from another, and could only do this if the columns were the same in the source and target internal tables. So prior to ABAP 7.4 you had to add all the lines of one table to another or do an assign as depicted below…

Now that the FOR command has been introduced in ABAP 7.4, you can achieve this in a much easier way, and the tables can have different columns, and you can filter or limit what gets transferred using conditional logic with the VALUE and FOR keywords. So what does FOR do? let’s examine the syntax:

This effectively causes a loop at itab. For each loop the row read is assigned to a work area (wa) or field-symbol(). This wa or is local to the expression i.e. if declared in a subrourine the variable wa or is a local variable of that subroutine. Index like SY-TABIX in loop.

lets look an an example below…

Lets say we are given the following to start:

GT_SHIPS type ty_ships. -> has been populated as follows:

ABAP 740 FOR Command

We want to populate internal table GT_CITYS with the cities from GT_SHIPS.

OK, now lets throw some conditional logic into the mix. The goal now is to populate internal table GT_CITYS with the cities from GT_SHIPS where the route is R0001.

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assign variable from another program abap

The New ABAP Debugger User Interface and how to customize the user interface.

The tools of the New ABAP Debugger are optimized for the different debugging situations you may have to deal with during the course of solving a problem. Some of the tools you will recognize from the Classic ABAP Debugger; others are brand new. Before we look at a few of the tools and how to use them, lets first get comfortable with the tools menu and how the tools are organized.

With all their new features, the latest versions of the ABAP Editor, I thought it best to appreciate the new features; we should first go back in time to see some of the limitations that were present in prior versions of the editor.

SAP NetWeaver 7.0 (formerly 2004s) offers the new Enhancement Framework that not only is intended to unify the modification and classic enhancement techniques, but also offers you almost the same flexibility as modifications without the limitations of modifications.

In contrast to enhancements in the Enhancement Framework, modifications are physically part of the object they modify. This means that every single modification gets lost in an upgrade and needs to be re-inserted even in cases where the underlying SAP object has not changed at all!

In all the aspects, enhancements are more powerful than modifications, even given all the modification support that transaction SPAU offers. The reason is due to an important difference between an enhancement and a modification that stems from the conceptual difference between the two technologies.

In addition to the new kernel-based BAdI, there are many other types of enhancement options that are part of the new Enhancement Framework. You implement these enhancements using the Enhancement Framework tools, which are integrated into the ABAP Workbench

No matter if you create an enhancement point or a BAdI as an enhancement option provider, or if you implement an existing enhancement option (be it implicit or explicit), what you create must fit into the structure of the Enhancement Framework in a way that enables you to collect and organize the enhancement options and their counterparts on the implementation side.

Let’s review some of the technical aspects of controls technology:

-The SAP Control Framework

-The Automation Queue, and the issues surrounding “flushing” it

-Event handling

-Error handling

Including Controls Technology controls on the front-end establishes a client/server relationship between the application server and the controls on the presentation server.

The Controls Technology Framework resides on the application server (the back-end), and the Automation Controller sits on the presentation server (the front-end). The integral component that optimizes the communication between the two is the Automation Queue.

I will continue to take a look at the SAP Controls Technology and how we can use it in our development. I will focus on Events and their respective handling techniques along with errors.

The ALV Grid Control solves this problem. Its user interface provides a set of generic functions (e.g., sorting, filtering) for handling tabular data. It also confers the many benefits of controls technology to users, enabling more operations by mouse, and interaction with other controls, such as drag-and-drop. Developers simply plug the ALV Grid Control into their applications and the tool takes care of the rest. You do not need to do any further programming to offer users these functions. How you “plug” the control into an application is the first thing I will show you in this month’s blog. So lets get started!

he key to configuring the ALV Grid Control for your particular application is the structures that are passed by the application to an ALV Grid instance before or during list display. For some simple extensions of your ALV Grid instance, you only need to set the right parameter and pass the table or structure by using method set_table_for_first_display.

Adding new GUI elements to an ALV Grid instance is event-controlled and requires experience in ABAP Objects event handling. There is an event for each element type (toolbar push button, toolbar menu, and context menu). In the relevant event handler method, you define the properties of an element (such as its menu options) and assign a function code to each executable function.

What is web Dynpro? It’s SAP’s newest user interface (UI) development option for the SAP NetWeaver platform — has been designed to become the de facto option of choice for SAP development. Web Dynpro was created because, like every other software vendor in the Web space, SAP needed a longterm, strategic solution for the many problems faced by Web developers during the implementation of browser-based business applications.

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Dynamically Assigning and Retrieving Variables- Both Named and Structured in SAP ABAP

Posted on October 12, 2018

So, let's say you've got some, uh, let's just say for now... not perfectly written ABAP code. Something that looks like this:

Yep. Super repetitive variable names.

We don't know why a developer wrote code like that, and we don't know why he or she wouldn't utilize a structure or table, but we don't really care. 😉

Let's assume we've gotta make a modification to such a program and we need to loop through all those variables. Instead of otherwise copying a similiar pattern of all those variable names which would be horrible, we can apply dynamic variable assignment by building a string that is identical to the variables actual name in the ABAP source code, and reading that into a field symbol.

Below are copy/pastable examples showing how to do this for both plain variables and components of a structure you may want to snag.

Dynamic Variable Assignment for Global Variables

Dynamic variable assignment for components of line structure variables.

And that's it!

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SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP Release 750, ©Copyright 2016 SAP AG. All rights reserved.

  • An existing field symbol with appropriate typing.
  • An inline declaration FIELD-SYMBOL(<fs>) . The typing depends on the mem_area specified.
  • If field symbols are set using ASSIGN , permission to access the assigned data object is only checked at the position of the statement. The field symbol can then be passed on as required and used to access the assigned data object in any position. To prevent access to private and read-only attributes using field symbols outside classes, field symbols for these attributes should not be published externally. A constant or read-only input parameter, however, can never be made modifiable by passing a field symbol.
  • One obsolete form of the statement ASSIGN is ASSIGN LOCAL COPY .
  • Cause: The type of the source field and the target type do not match exactly in offset and type in those components that are strings, tables, or references. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_CASTING_ILLEGAL_CAST
  • Cause: A type specified dynamically after CASTING is unknown. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_CASTING_UNKNOWN_TYPE
  • Cause: The data object in addition RANGE does not contain the assigned data object. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_FIELD_NOT_IN_RANGE
  • Cause: The field symbol is structured and the assigned field is shorter than the structure. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_BASE_TOO_SHORT
  • Cause: The alignment for field f is too short for the type of the field symbol. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_BASE_WRONG_ALIGNMENT
  • Cause: Only simple types can be specified for TYPE . Runtime Error: ASSIGN_CAST_COMPLEX_TYPE
  • Cause: The source field is longer than 16 bytes and cannot be interpreted as a type p field. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_CAST_P_TOO_LARGE
  • Cause: The alignment of field f is too short for the type specified in TYPE . Runtime Error: ASSIGN_CAST_WRONG_ALIGNMENT
  • Cause: The length of field f does not match the type specified in TYPE . Runtime Error: ASSIGN_CAST_WRONG_LENGTH
  • Cause: The type specified in TYPE is unknown. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_CAST_WRONG_TYPE
  • Cause: A maximum of 14 columns is permitted. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_DECIMALS_TOO_HIGH
  • Cause: Decimal places are allowed only for type p . Runtime Error: ASSIGN_DECIMALS_WRONG_TYPE
  • Cause: A length of 0 was specified for field f . Runtime Error: ASSIGN_LENGTH_0
  • Cause: A length less than 0 was specified for field f . Runtime Error: ASSIGN_LENGTH_NEGATIVE
  • Cause: An offset less than 0 was specified for field f . Runtime Error: ASSIGN_OFFSET_NEGATIVE
  • Cause: An offset or length was specified for field f and the data type of the assigning field does not allow partial access. (This is the case for data types I, F, and P.) Runtime Error: ASSIGN_OFFSET_NOTALLOWED
  • Cause: The offset specified for field f exceeds the range of the ABAP variable. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_OFFSET_TOOLARGE
  • Cause: In the area addressed in the offset and length specifications for field f , deep components exist (data references, object references, strings, internal tables), which may not be overwritten. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_OFF+LENGTH_ILLEGAL_CAST
  • Cause: Offset and length specified for field f exceed the range of the ABAP variable. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_OFFSET+LENGTH_TOOLARGE
  • Cause: Field f is not a data reference. However, a data reference was expected. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_REFERENCE_EXPECTED
  • Cause: The type of the source field and the target type do not match exactly in offset and type in those components that are strings, tables, or references. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_STRUCTURE_ILLEGAL_CAST
  • Cause: Substrings cannot be assigned to a field symbol. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_SUBSTRING_NOT_ALLOWED
  • Cause: The field symbol is typed and the type of the assigned field is incompatible with it. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_TYPE_CONFLICT
  • Cause: The type of the source field contains strings, tables, or references. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_TYPE_ILLEGAL_CAST
  • Cause: The type of the source field is a structure not compatible with the target type. Runtime Error: ASSIGN_UC_STRUCT_CONFLICT

assign variable from another program abap

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Use ABAP to Access ANY Data In Memory

OK. So, maybe the title is a little misleading and before I continue, I should qualify it.  You can’t access  any memory in ABAP.  This tip can only access the current internal session, and it can only access data that is declared globally in the programs currently loaded in the internal session.  Fortunately in most programs, those memory locations have a lot of data declarations.

[UPDATE] The ABAP statement variants used in this tip are marked for  internal use only by SAP.  Therefore, the use of these programming statements should be done at your own risk.

But what is an internal session? Without going into too much detail, an internal session (sometimes called the roll area) is the main memory area of a ABAP program.  The internal session contains data and objects of all ABAP programs since the start of a program and remains in memory for the entire duration of the program.  The following graphic partially shows how SAP memory is partitioned.  In this example, the purple box of the internal session has two main programs (red  boxes) loaded in memory.  In this example, the red main program groups can either be SAP programs, Function Group, or Class Implementations.

SAP Memory Overview

ABAP syntax does not allow for the direct access of memory between SAP programs, but it is possible for code in one main program group to access any globally defined variable in another main program group as long as the program you are accessing has already been loaded in the internal session.  In order to access the data across main program group boundaries, we will be using field-symbols.  ABAP field-symbols are a powerful coding construct that “points” to a memory area. Field-symbols are assigned to memory locations during program runtime.   For a full introduction to field-symbols, please visit SAP help .

In order to use a field-symbol, it first must be assigned to memory by using the ASSIGN statement.  The memory of other main programs can be accessed by using the following access syntax in the assignment:

ASSIGN ('(MAIN_PROGRAM)VARIABLE[]') TO <FIELD-SYMBOL>.

I recently implemented a BADI that was triggered on the AT_SAVE event of BADI of IF_EX_WORKORDER_UPDATE. The logic I was implementing required data from the reservations associated with the production order.  Lucky for me, the data I needed was declared globally in the top include of function group COBT.  That means that it is available to  any code that follows it.

In this example, field symbol <TAB> is defined as being able to point to anything.  The ASSIGN statement sets <TAB> to point to the entire table RESB_BT in program SAPLCOBT.  Once field-symbol <TAB> is pointing to internal table RESB_BT, we can manipulate the table like it is defined in the local scope.

DATA: LT_RESBB TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF RESBB, L_TABLE_NAME(20) TYPE C VALUE '(SAPLCOBT)RESB_BT[]'. FIELD-SYMBOLS: <TAB> TYPE ANY, <WA> TYPE RESBB. ASSIGN (L_TABLE_NAME) TO <TAB>. LT_RESBB = <TAB>. LOOP AT LT_RESBB ASSIGNING <WA>. ... ENDLOOP.

The following graphic illustrates how my BADI code (implemented in a private method) accesses data declared in the top include for function group COBT (main program SAPLCOBT).

SAP Memory Code

I will stress here that in this example, field symbol <TAB>  points to RESB_BT in main program SAPLCOBT. Therefore local variable LT_RESBB also points to the RESB_BT in main program SAPLCOBT.  Any changes made to LT_RESBB will be reflected in RESB_BT in main program SAPLCOBT, so please be careful when implementing this logic as to not inadvertently introduce data inconsistencies in your SAP system.

Field-symbols are a very powerful coding construct in ABAP.  If you have any other cool field-symbol tips or tricks, please share them in the comments.

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Related posts.

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  • Enhancing SAP Lean Order Management for SAP Retail Part 3: Enhancement Framework July 26, 2016

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The tip you describe here is documented in the ABAP syntax help (under Alternative 1 of ASSIGN – dynamic_dobj). What you failed to mention is that this variant of the syntax using (PROG)DOBJ is marked as internal use only. This means that SAP doesn’t support the use of this variant by customers or partners. It also means that SAP can remove the statement or alter the way it works in future releases.

Originally this concept was needed by the ABAP debugger. The classic debugger ran in the same session as the program being debugged and needed a way to inspect the memory values of the debuggee. However when SAP rewrote the ABAP debugger in 6.40 we split it into a separate session. The Debugger now remotely attaches to the running session and uses special kernel methods to inspect the memory of the debuggee. At some point SAP might remove the classic debugger completely and with it, this syntax variant.

Using this approach to access out of scope variables within BADIs is not necessarily a good idea – particularly if you use this approach to change data. The flow of the data into and out of the BADI is designed based upon the logic surrounding the BADI. If you alter data within the BADI that wasn’t expected, it could be too late to process the correct validation or other important triggering logic.

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Dangerous but very useful.

Thanks to both Craig and Thomas for their great tips!

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assign variable from another program abap

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COMMENTS

  1. Read non-global variable from another program in runtime

    In your own program, if the procedure "X" is currently in the call stack, that you may check with the class CL_ABAP_GET_CALL_STACK, you may now access the global data reference which points to the local variable with this code: FIELD-SYMBOLS <ref_locvar> TYPE REF TO DATA. FIELD-SYMBOLS <locvar>. ASSIGN (' (PROG)ZZ_REF_LOCVAR') TO <ref_locvar>.

  2. Re: Assigning value from other program to Field Symbol

    In the enhancement I want to get the value of ls_fpayg-anz_erl in program SAPLFPAYM10. In the debugger I can see that this value is 22. However in custom code I can't assign this value to a field symbol. field-symbols:<fst_lfdnr> type standard table. constants: lc_lfdnr (20) type c value ' (SAPFPAYM)LS_FPAYG'.

  3. abap

    FIELD-SYMBOLS: <migo_vgart> TYPE any. DATA: lv_vgart TYPE vgart. ASSIGN (lco_migo_vgart_path) to <migo_vgart>. IF sy-subrc = 0. lv_vgart = <migo_vgart>. ENDIF. Be aware that accessing variables from the call stack like this is not ideal for productive usage, so looking for an alternative implementation is strongly recommended.

  4. Passing Data Between Programs (SAP Library

    SAP Memory. SAP memory is a memory area to which all main sessions within a SAP GUI have access. You can use SAP memory either to pass data from one program to another within a session, or to pass data from one session to another. Application programs that use SAPmemory must do so using SPA/GPA parameters (also known as SET/GETparameters).

  5. Getting Access to Out-of-Scope Variables with Field Symbols in ABAP

    FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs_field> TYPE CHAR4. * 2. Assign the field-symbol to the local variable and modify it. ASSIGN ('lv_var') TO <fs_field>. <fs_field> = 'DCBA'. * 3. Output the data. WRITE lv_var. The brackets tell the system to assign the field symbol to the variable name returned by the expression between the brackets.

  6. ASSIGN, dynamic_components

    ASSIGN dref->('carrid') TO FIELD-SYMBOL(<carrid1>). ASSERT sy-subrc = 4. ... The components are then assigned one after another to the field symbol in a DO loop. The second implementation uses RTTI. A downcast of the type description object to the class CL_ABAP_STRUCTDESCR for the passed data object ensures that the object is a structure.

  7. Assignment Rules for Reference Variables

    The content of a reference variable can only be assigned to another reference variable. At the same time, data references can only be assigned to data reference variables and. object references can only be assigned to object reference variables. No conversion takes place when variables are assigned. For an assignment to take place, the static ...

  8. Accessing one program data in another program easily without ...

    Hers is the subroutine defined in the second program. Execute the first report with debug point set. Here we have some records. F5 and the subroutine is called. Now we are in the second program and we can't access the variable directly which are declared in the first program. Now the data is passed to the subroutine.

  9. New Features in ABAP 7.4

    Declaring and Creating Variables in ABAP 7.4. In this blog installment, I'd like to introduce you to a new feature called Inline Declarations. It's a very simple feature, but very useful, and can make our code base smaller and easier to understand. Inline declaration means, that you declare your local variables as embedded in the given ...

  10. Access Program Variable from ABAP Stack in 3 Steps

    In this session I have discussed-What is ABAP Stack?Different types of variable access( from Program, Function Module, and class methods)How to access the p...

  11. Dynamically Assigning and Retrieving Variables- Both Named and

    Let's assume we've gotta make a modification to such a program and we need to loop through all those variables. Instead of otherwise copying a similiar pattern of all those variable names which would be horrible, we can apply dynamic variable assignment by building a string that is identical to the variables actual name in the ABAP source code ...

  12. ASSIGN

    A data object or a memory area calculated from the address of a data object can be assigned. After the assignment, the field symbol refers to the assigned memory area and can be used in operand positions. When used in a statement, it behaves like a dereferenced data reference, meaning that the statement works with the content of the memory area.

  13. Use ABAP to Access ANY Data In Memory

    ABAP syntax does not allow for the direct access of memory between SAP programs, but it is possible for code in one main program group to access any globally defined variable in another main program group as long as the program you are accessing has already been loaded in the internal session. In order to access the data across main program ...

  14. How to access ABAP system stack memory for tables/variables

    One can get the table information in debug mode in the system areas->abap memory menu.for ITAB-PAGES. This will list all table IDs and double click on the corresponding table ID will show the table content. I need to know how the code behind this looks like to access any table in the corresponding stack level. Thanks,

  15. Pass inline declared table/variable to subroutine in ABAP

    3. The subroutines are obsolete since ABAP 7.02 (2009), so I use a method in my example. Inline declarations are an easy way of declaring types implicitly, but the limit of this solution is that you can type the parameter of a method only generically (types STANDARD TABLE, INDEX TABLE, ANY TABLE, ANY) which prevents you from stating the ...