Purdue University

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Locating and Using Images for Presentations and Coursework

  • Free & Open Source Images
  • How to Cite Images
  • Alt Text Image Descriptions

Copyright Resources

  • Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States from Cornell University Library
  • Copyright Overview from Purdue University
  • U.S. Copyright Office
  • Fair Use Evaluator
  • Visual Resources Association's Statement of Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study
  • Creative Commons Licenses

Attribution

Again, the majority of images you find are under copyright and cannot be used without permission from the creator. There are exceptions with Fair Use, but this Libguide is intended to help you locate images you can use with attribution (and in some case, the images are free to use without attribution when stated, such as with stock images from pixabay). ***Please read about public domain . These images aren't under copyright, but it's still good practice to include attribution if the information is available. Attribution : the act of attributing something, especially the ascribing of a work (as of literature or art) to a particular author or artist. When you have given proper attribution, it means you have given the information necessary for people to know who the creator of the work is.

Citation General Guidelines

Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples).

  • Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.)
  • Title of the image
  • Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created
  • Date the image was posted online
  • Date of access (the date you accessed the online image)
  • Institution (gallery, museum) where the image is located/owned (if applicable)
  • Website and/or Database name

Citing Images in MLA, APA, Chicago, and IEEE

  • Directions for citing in MLA, APA, and Chicago MLA: Citing images in-text, incorporating images into the text of your paper, works cited APA 6th ed.: Citing images in-text and reference list Chicago 17th ed.: Citing images footnotes and endnotes and bibliography from Simon Fraser University
  • How to Cite Images Using IEEE from the SAIT Reg Erhardt Library
  • Image, Photograph, or Related Artwork (IEEE) from the Rochester Institute of Technology Library

Citing Images in Your PPT

Currently, citing images in PPT is a bit of the Wild West. If details aren't provided by an instructor, there are a number of ways to cite. What's most important is that if the image is not a free stock image, you give credit to the author for the work. Here are some options:

1. Some sites, such as Creative Commons and Wikimedia, include the citation information with the image. Use that citation when available. Copy the citation and add under the image. For example, an image of a lake from Creative Commons has this citation next to it:  "lake"  by  barnyz  is licensed under  CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 .

2. Include a marker, such as Image 1. or Figure 1., and in the reference section, include full citation information with the corresponding number

3. Include a complete citation (whatever the required format, such as APA) below the image

4. Below the image, include the link to the online image location

5. Hyperlink the title of the image with the online image location

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How to cite images and graphs in your research paper

Deeptanshu D

Table of Contents

How-to-cite-images-and-graphs-in-a-research-paper

If you are confused about whether you should include pictures, images, charts, and other non-textual elements in your research paper or not, I would suggest you must insert such elements in your research paper. Including non-textual elements like images and charts in the research paper helps extract a higher acceptance of your proposed theories.

An image or chart will make your research paper more attractive, interesting, explanatory, and understandable for the audience. In addition, when you cite an image or chart, it helps you describe your research and its parts with far more precision than simple, long paragraphs.

There are plenty of reasons why you should cite images in your research paper. However, most scholars and academicians avoid it altogether, losing the opportunity to make their research papers more interesting and garner higher readership.

Additionally, it has been observed that there are many misconceptions around the use or citation of images in research papers. For example, it is widely believed and practiced that using pictures or any graphics in the research papers will render it unprofessional or non-academic. However, in reality, no such legit rules or regulations prohibit citing images or any graphic elements in the research papers.

You will find it much easier once you know the appropriate way to cite images or non-textual elements in your research paper. But, it’s important to keep in mind some rules and regulations for using different non-textual elements in your research paper. You can easily upgrade your academic/ research writing skills by leveraging various guides in our repository.

In this guide, you will find clear explanations and guidelines that will teach you how to identify appropriate images and other non-textual elements and cite them in your research paper. So, cut the clutter; let’s start.

Importance of citing images in a research paper

Although it’s not mandatory to cite images in a research paper, however, if you choose to include them, it will help showcase your deep understanding of the research topic. It can even represent the clarity you carry for your research topic and help the audience navigate your paper easily.

Why-it-is-important-to-use-images-and-graphs-in-a-research-paper.

There are several reasons why you must cite images in your research paper like:

(i) A better explanation for the various phenomenon

While writing your research paper, certain topics will be comparatively more complex than others. In such a scenario where you find out that words are not providing the necessary explanation, you can always switch to illustrating the process using images. For example, you can write paragraphs describing climate change and its associated factors and/or cite a single illustration to describe the complete process with its embedded factors.

(ii) To simplify examples

To create an impeccable research paper, you need to include evidence and examples supporting your argument for the research topic. Rather than always explaining the supporting evidence and examples through words, it will be better to depict them through images. For example, to demonstrate climate change's effects on a region, you can always showcase and cite the “before and after” images.

(iii) Easy Classification

If your research topic requires segregation into various sub-topics and further, you can easily group and classify them in the form of a classification tree or a chart. Providing such massive information in the format of a classification tree will save you a lot of words and present the information in a more straightforward and understandable form to your audience.

(iv) Acquire greater attention from the audience

Including images in your research paper, theses, and dissertations will help you garner the audience's greater attention. If you add or cite images in the paper, it will provide a better understanding and clarification of the topics covered in your research. Additionally, it will make your research paper visually attractive.

Types of Images that you can use or cite in your research paper

Using and citing images in a research paper as already explained can make your research paper more understanding and structured in appearance. For this, you can use photos, drawings, charts, graphs, infographics, etc. However, there are no mandatory regulations to use or cite images in a research paper, but there are some recommendations as per the journal style.

Before including any images in your research paper, you need to ensure that it fits the research topic and syncs with your writing style. As already mentioned, there are no strict regulations around the usage of images. However, you should make sure that it satisfies certain parameters like:

  • Try using HD quality images for better picture clarity in both print and electronic formats
  • It should not be copyrighted, and if it is, you must obtain the license to use it. In short cite the image properly by providing necessary credits to its owner
  • The image should satisfy the context of the research topic

You can cite images in your research paper either at the end, in between the topics, or in a separate section for all the non-textual elements used in the paper. You can choose to insert images in between texts, but you need to provide the in-text citations for every image that has been used.

Additionally, you need to attach the name, description and image number so that your research paper stays structured. Moreover, you must cite or add the copyright details of the image if you borrow images from other platforms to avoid any copyright infringement.

Graphs and Charts

You can earn an advantage by providing better and simple explanations through graphs and charts rather than wordy descriptions. There are several reasons why you must cite or include graphs and charts in your research paper:

  • To draw a comparison between two events, phenomena, or any two random parameters
  • Illustration of statistics through charts and graphs are most significant in drawing audience attention towards your research topic
  • Classification tree or pie charts goes best to show off the degree of influence of a specific event, or phenomenon in your research paper

With the usage of graphs and charts, you can answer several questions of your readers without them even questioning. With charts and graphs, you can provide an immense amount of information in a brief yet attractive manner to your readers, as these elements keep them interested in your research topic.

Providing these non-textual elements in your research paper increases its readability. Moreover, the graphs and charts will drive the reader’s attention compared to text-heavy paragraphs.

You can easily use the graphs or charts of some previously done research in your chosen domain, provided that you cite them appropriately, or else you can create your graphs through different tools like Canva, Excel, or MS PowerPoint. Additionally, you must provide supporting statements for the graphs and charts so that readers can understand the meaning of these illustrations easily.

Similarly, like pictures or images, you can choose one of the three possible methods of placement in your research paper, i.e., either after the text or on a different page right after the corresponding paragraph or inside the paragraph itself.

How to Cite Images and Graphs in a Research Paper?

How-to-cite-images-and-graphs-in-a-research-paper.

Once you have decided the type of images you will be using in your paper, understand the rules of various journals for the fair usage of these elements. Using pictures or graphs as per these rules will help your reader navigate and understand your research paper easily. If you borrow or cite previously used pictures or images, you need to follow the correct procedure for that citation.

Usage or citation of pictures or graphs is not prohibited in any academic writing style, and it just differs from each other due to their respective formats.

Cite an Image/Graphs in APA (American Psychological Association) style

Most of the scientific works, society, and media-based research topics are presented in the APA style. It is usually followed by museums, exhibitions, galleries, libraries, etc. If you create your research paper in APA style and cite already used images or graphics, you need to provide complete information about the source.

In APA style, the list of the information that you must provide while citing an element is as follows:

  • Owner of the image (artist, designer, photographer, etc.)
  • Complete Date of the Image: Follow the simple DD/MM/YYYY to provide the details about the date of the image. If you have chosen a certain historical image, you can choose to provide the year only, as the exact date or month may be unknown
  • Country or City where the Image was first published
  • A Name or Title of the Image (Optional: Means If it is not available, you can skip it)
  • Publisher Name: Organization, association, or the person to whom the image was first submitted

If you want to cite some images from the internet, try providing its source link rather than the name or webpage.

Format/Example of Image Citation:

Johanson, M. (Photographer). (2017, September, Vienna, Austria. Rescued bird. National gallery.

Cite an Image/Graphs in MLA (Modern Language Association) style

MLA style is again one of the most preferred styles worldwide for research paper publication. You can easily use or cite images in this style provided no rights of the image owner get violated. Additionally, the format or the information required for citation or usage is very brief yet precise.

In the MLA style, the following are the details that a used image or graph must carry:

  • Name of the creator of the owner
  • Title, Name, or the Description of the Image
  • Website Or the Source were first published
  • Contributors Name (if any)
  • Version or Serial Number (if any)
  • Publisher’s Details; at least Name must be provided
  • Full Date (DD:MM: YYYY) of the first published Image
  • Link to the original image

Auteur, Henry. “Abandoned gardens, Potawatomi, Ontario.” Historical Museum, Reproduction no. QW-YUJ78-1503141, 1989, www.flickr.com/pictures/item/609168336/

Final Words

It is easy to cite images in your research paper, and you should add different forms of non-textual elements in the paper. There are different rules for using or citing images in research papers depending on writing styles to ensure that your paper doesn’t fall for copyright infringement or the owner's rights get violated.

No matter which writing style you choose to write your paper, make sure that you provide all the details in the appropriate format. Once you have all the details and understanding of the format of usage or citation, feel free to use as many images that make your research paper intriguing and interesting enough.

If you still have doubts about how to use or cite images, join our SciSpace (Formerly Typeset) Community and post your questions there. Our experts will address your queries at the earliest. Explore the community to know what's buzzing and be a part of hot discussion topics in the academic domain.

Learn more about SciSpace's dedicated research solutions by heading to our product page. Our suite of products can simplify your research workflows so that you can focus more on what you do best: advance science.

With a best-in-class solution, you can handle everything from literature search and discovery to profile management, research writing, and formatting.

But Before You Go,

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TODAY'S HOURS:

Using Images in Research and Presentations

  • Finding Images
  • Using Images

Why Do I Need to Cite Images?

Creative commons attribution.

Citing all your sources of information and creative work you use is part of academic integrity. You are giving credit where credit is due.

In academic work, images should be followed by and attribution or in text citation whether that be in a note or caption immediately following the image or at the bottom of a presentation slide. A full citation should be found in your Works Cited or Reference List, though you might separate them out into an Image Credit List, depending on the style of citation you are using.

The 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association expended their explanations and examples of how to cite multimedia sources including multimedia materials. Examples of reference are found in Chapter 10 of the Manual and the following sections focus on multimedia sources

  • 10.12 Audiovisual works (films, streaming videos, television series, etc.)
  • 10.13 Audio works (music, podcast, radio broadcast, etc.)
  • 10.14 Visual works (fine art, clip art, infographics, photographs, maps, etc.)
  • 10.15 Social media (including Instagram posts).

A related section of the Manual is Chapter 7 which deals with the presentation of tables and figures, so the Manual shows you how images should be incorporated into your work in addition to how they should be cited; see Sample Figure 7.3 for how to include an attribution in the figure note.

Here is an example of how the following photograph (found through Pixabay) should be cited using the APA style.

stokpic. (2015, February 10). Blonde Girl Taking Photo [Photograph]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/blonde-girl-taking-photo-629726/

Blonde Girl Taking Photo

Remember, the library has a copy of the Manual at the Reference Desk if you need to use it.

cite picture in research paper

The 8th edition of the MLA Handbook does not have as many examples of references as the APA Manual does, but if you follow the guidelines and templates in the section "Creating Your Documentation" (pp. 19 - 53), you should be able to construct a citation.

Here is an example of how the following photograph (found through Pixabay) should be cited using the MLA style.

stokpic. Blonde Girl Taking Photo. 10 February 2015. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/blonde-girl-taking-photo-629726/

Remember, the library has a copy of the  Handbook  at the Reference Desk if you need to use it.

book cover

  • Use & Remix - Creative Commons The "Use & remix" section of the Creative Commons website details how to properly attribute content licensed under a CC license. Attribution is a condition of all CC licenses. more info... less info... Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building a globally-accessible public commons of knowledge and culture. They provide Creative Commons licenses and public domain tools that give every person and organization in the world a free, simple, and standardized way to grant copyright permissions for creative and academic works; ensure proper attribution; and allow others to copy, distribute, and make use of those works.
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Using Images and Non-Textual Materials in Presentations, Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

  • Documenting and Citing Images
  • Finding Images - Select Sources

Documenting and Citing Images/Photographs and Their Sources

Please note that this is advice on best practices and considerations in documenting and citing images and non-print materials. It does not represent legal advice on obtaining permissions.

Generally, images copied from other sources should not be used without permissions in publications or for commercial purposes. Many American academic institutions require graduate students to archive their finished and approved theses/dissertations in institutional electronic repositories and/or institutional libraries and repositories, and/or to post them on Proquest's theses database. Unpublished theses and dissertations are a form of scholarly dissemination. Someone else's images, like someone else's ideas, words or music, should be used with critical commentary, and need to be identified and cited. If a thesis/dissertation is revised for publication,  waivers or permissions from the copyright holder(s) of the images and non-textual materials must be obtained. Best practices also apply to materials found on the internet and on social media, and, properly speaking, require identification, citation, and clearance of permissions, as relevant.

Use the following elements when identifying and citing an image, depending on the information you have available . It is your responsibility to do due diligence and document as much as possible about the image you are using:

  • Artist's/creator's name, if relevant;
  • Title of the work/image, if known, or description;
  • Ownership information (such as a person, estate, museum, library collection) and source of image;
  • Material, if known, particularly for art works;
  • Dimensions of the work, if known.

The Chicago Manual of Style online can be searched for norms on appropriate ways to caption illustrations, capitalize titles of visual works, or cite print materials that contain images.

Including images/photographs in a bibliography:

Best practice is to not include images within a bibliography of works cited. It is common, instead, to create a separate list of images (or figures) and their source, such as photographer (even if it's you) or collection. It may be useful to also include location, e.g., museum, geographic reference, address, etc.

Examples of Documenting Images

The image below is scanned from a published book. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation, classroom session, or  paper/thesis, as follows:

cite picture in research paper

[ Figure 1. This photograph from 1990 shows the Monument against Fascism designed by Jochen Gerz and Esther Shalev-Gerz, Hamburg, 1986-1993. Image from James Young, ed.,  Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History (New York: Prestel, 1994), 70]

If you need to use this image in a published work, you will have to seek permission. For example, the book from which this image was scanned should have a section on photo credits which would help you identify the person/archive holding this image.

The image below was found through Google Images and downloaded from the internet. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation,  classroom session, or paper/thesis, as follows:

cite picture in research paper

[Figure 2. This image shows the interior of Bibliotheca Alexandrina designed by the Norwegian architecture firm Snøhetta in 2001. Image downloaded from https://mgkhs.com/gallery/alexandria in March 2016.]

If you want to use this image in a published work, you will have to do your best to track down its source to request permission to use. The web site or social media site where you found the image may not be an appropriate source, since it is common for people to repost images without attribution. Just because "everyone does it" does not mean that you should be using such materials without attribution or documentation. In this specific example, you may need to write to the photographer or to the architecture firm. If you have done due diligence and were unable to find the source, or have not received a response, you may be able to use an image found on the internet with appropriate documentation in a publication.

The image below was downloaded from a digitized historic collection of photographs held by an institutional archive. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation,  classroom session, or paper/thesis, as follows:

cite picture in research paper

[Figure 3. In the 1920s the urban landscape of Los Angeles started to change, as various developers began building multi-family apartment houses in sections previously zoned for single family dwellings. Seen in this photograph by Dick Whittington is the Warrington apartment building, which was completed in 1928, surrounded by older single family structures. Downloaded from the USC Digital Library in February 2016]

I f you plan to use this photograph in a publication, seek permission from the library/institution from whose digital archive you downloaded the image. Contact information is usually found in the record for the image.

The image below was taken by the author. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation, classroom session , paper/thesis, or a publication* as follows:

cite picture in research paper

[Figure 4. Genex Tower, also known as West City Gate, is a residential tower located in New Belgrade. This example of late 20th century brutalist-style architecture was designed in 1977 by Mihajlo Mitrović. Photographed by the author in 2013.]

*Please note, if you re-photographed someone else's photograph or a work of art, or if you re-photographed a published image, you may not be able to publish your photograph without first seeking permission or credit for its content.  If you have done due diligence and were unable to find the source or have not received a response, you may be able to use your image with appropriate documentation.

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Citing Sources

  • Image Databases
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  • Citing the Use of an Artificial Intelligence

More About Citing Images

cite picture in research paper

Chicago/Turabian Style Image Citations:

Note Number. First Name Last Name of Artist, Title of Work , Year, Medium, Name and location of where it is housed, accessed (date), URL.

12. Andy Warhol, Endangered Species: Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) , 1983, silkscreen print, Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, accessed January 20, 2022, Artstor, https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/LARRY_QUALLS_10312602459.

Free Image Resources

  • Free Media for Creative Use: Image Resources Sources for stock photos, historical images, digital collections from museums, and more.

Images or illustrations can enhance your papers and presentations. Like written sources, images also need to be properly cited. Always indicate, or  cite  where you found the image. 

Citations can be formatted according to the citation style you are using (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc). 

Using images you did not create requires a citation in all cases. Citations should be accessible in the context of the image's use and should link back to the original image whenever possible. Include a caption below the image and a formal citation in your works cited. 

Citing Image Sources - Basic Guidelines

  • Give attribution to image creators in citations and credit statements to acknowledge authorship
  • Indicate when using a personal photograph
  • Include source information
  • Citations to images included in image databases should include the following (or as much of it as can be easily determined from the source):
  • Creator's name
  • Title of the work, as given
  • Location of the work (museum, library), if known
  • Database collection, if known
  • Rights information, if known

No matter where you get your image (Google image search, Artstor, WGSN Fashion, museum website, scan from a book) or how you use it (Power Point, in a paper for class, a flyer) you MUST provide a citation for every image you use. This is as simple as adding any of the known information about the work (listed above) to the bottom of the digital image. Provide as much information as possible. For formal papers and presentations provide BOTH a caption and a citation in your bibliography or works cited. 

For example, this image was found using a Google Image Search. The image is hyperlinked back to the original source (on Flickr) and as much information as is known about the image is included in the caption below. 

cite picture in research paper

Red Panda by Mathias Appel , 2015. Flickr (Public Domain)

Citing Image Sources - Image from Artstor

The following image was downloaded from Artstor. Here's the information provided by the metadata within Artstor that I need to keep track of and include where appropriate. 

An image from ARTstor

  • Creator's name:  Andy Warhol
  • Title of the work, as given:  Endangered Species: Giant Panda ( Ailuropoda   melanoleuca )
  • Location of the work (museum, library), if known:  Exhibited at Ronald Feldman Fine Arts
  • Database collection, if known:   In  Artstor  [database online]
  • Rights information, if known:  © The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. 

cite picture in research paper

Endangered Species: Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) by Andy Warhol, 1983.  Artstor. ©  The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Arts, Inc.

The MLA Citation in your Works Cited would be: 

Warhol, Andy.  Endangered Species: Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).  1983. Exhibited at Ronald Feldman Fine Arts. Artstor, https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/LARRY_QUALLS_10312602459 .  

Citing Image Sources - WGSN or WWD Runway Photo

The following image was downloaded from Women's Wear Daily from a Paris Fall 2016 Couture runway show. There were very few details provided by the database, but I've captured what I can. 

  • Creator's name:   Giovanni  Giannoni  (photographer),   Zuhair Murad   (designer) 
  • Titles of the work, as given: Gown, Paris Fall 2016 Couture
  • Location of the work:  Paris  
  • Database collection, if known:  Women's Wear Daily
  • Rights information, if known: Giovanni Giannoni, WWD Photographer

cite picture in research paper

Zuhair Murad Paris Fall 2016 Couture (look 13), 2016. Women's Wear Daily.  

The MLA Citation in your Works Cited would be:

Giannoni, Giovanni. Zuhair Murad Paris Fall 2016 Couture Runway (look 13) , 2016. Women's Wear Daily . Accessed August 24, 2016.

Citing Image Sources - WGSN Report

The following image was downloaded from WGSN Fashion database. Here's the information I need to keep track of: 

  • Creator's name: Yvonne Luk
  • Title of the work, as given: Wild Animals from  The Creative Faces of Beauty Masks 
  • Date: July 16, 2015
  • Location of the work (museum, library), if known: N/A
  • Database collection, if known: WGSN Fashion
  • Rights information, if known. Unknown, but most likely copyrighted by WGSN. 

cite picture in research paper

Wild Animals from The Creative Faces of Beauty Masks by Yvonne Luk, 2015. WGSN Fashion .

Luk, Yvonne. "Wild Animals," The Creative Faces of Beauty Masks.  2015. WGSN Fashion.  Accessed August 2016.

Citing Image Sources - Chart from Statista

The following image was downloaded from Statista. Here's the information provided by the databases (including the MLA citation below generated for you!)

  • Creator's name:  Nike
  • Title of the work, as given:  Nike's North American Revenue from 2009 to 2016, by Segment (in Million U.S. Dollars) 
  • Date: July 2016
  • Location of the work:  Statista   
  • Database collection, if known: Statista - the Statistics Portal
  • Rights information, if known. Unknown

cite picture in research paper

This image includes much of the information I would include in a caption - but if you download a chart or graph without this info included, be sure to caption it as well. 

Nike. "Nike's North American Revenue from 2009 to 2016, by Segment (in Million U.S. Dollars)." Statista - The Statistics Portal. Statista. July 2016. Web. 30 Aug 2016.

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Images: Image Citation

Citing images.

If you use an image you did not create, you must provide a citation. Image citations should include the following information at a minimum:

  • Creator name
  • Repository information (museum, library, or other owning institution)
  • Image source (database, website, book, postcard, vendor, etc.)
  • Date accessed

Image Citation Examples by Style

Following are several examples of image citations formatted according to MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. For more in-depth examples, check out the resources at Colgate Visual Resources Library . 

MLA 8th edition Style (examples from The Owl at Purdue )

Goya, Francisco.  The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid.  Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul.  Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

APA 2009 Style (examples from University of Maryland University College )

Image with a title from a library database: Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Retrieved from Oxford Art Online database.

Image with a title from a web site: Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Retrieved from http://www.uwm.edu/~wash/rousseau.jpg.

Image without a title from a printed source: Muybridge, E. [Photograph of a horse running]. (1887). National Gallery, London. River of shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the technological wild West . By Rebecca Solnit. New York, NY: Viking. 52.

Note: If an image does not have a title, create a brief title and place it in [].

Chicago Style

Image from a library subscription database:

Hoshiko, Eugene. "China Rain." Photograph. 1999. AP Images , ID99062401980.

Image from an online database:

Currier & Ives. "Gray Eagle." Lithograph. ca. 1866. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog , http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006676682/ (accessed September 25, 2010).

Image from a website:

Wilma, David. "El Centro de la Raza, Beacon Hill, Seattle." Photograph. 2001. HistoryLink.org , http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9186 (accessed September 25, 2010).

[In the footnotes, remove the period after image title, and do not capitalize the image type. 

EX:  Eugene  Hoshiko , "China Rain," photograph, 1999,  AP Images ,  ID99062401980 .]

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Guides for Citing Images

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Works-Cited-List Entries

How to cite an image.

To create a basic works-cited-list entry for an image, list the creator of the image, the title of the image, the date of composition, and the location of the image, which would be a physical location if you viewed the image in person. If you viewed the image online, provide the name of the website containing the image and the URL. If you viewed the image in a print work, provide the publication information for the print work, including a page number. Below are sample entries for images along with links to posts containing many other examples.

A Photograph Viewed in Person

Cameron, Julia Margaret. Alfred, Lord Tennyson . 1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

A Painting Viewed Online

Bearden, Romare. The Train . 1975. MOMA , www.moma.org/collection/works/65232?locale=en.

An Untitled Image from a Print Magazine

Karasik, Paul. Cartoon. The New Yorker , 14 Apr. 2008, p. 49.

More Examples

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Photographs

Slide Presentations

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  • Works Cited: A Quick Guide

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Finding and referencing images: Referencing images

  • Referencing images
  • Finding images and videos

Introduction

In this guide, ' IMAGE ' is used to refer to any visual resource such as a diagram, graph, illustration, design, photograph, or video. They may be found in books, journals, reports, web pages, online video, DVDs and other kinds of media. This guide also refers to ‘ CREATOR ’. This could be an illustrator, photographer, author or organisation.

The examples are presented in Harvard (Bath) style and offer general guidelines on good practice. For essays, project reports, dissertations and theses, ask your School or Department which style they want you to use. Different referencing styles require the use of similar information but will be formatted differently. For more information on other referencing styles, visit our referencing guide .

Using images to illustrate or make clear the description and discussion in your text is useful, but it is important that you give due recognition to the work of other people that you present with your own. This will help to show the value of their work to your assignment and how your ideas fit with a wider body of academic knowledge.

It is just as important to properly cite and reference images as it is the journal articles, books and other information sources that you draw upon. If you do not, you could find yourself accused of plagiarism and/or copyright infringement.

Using images and copyright

For educational assignments it is sufficient to cite and reference any image used. If you publish your work in any way , including posting online, then you will need to follow copyright rules. It is your responsibility to find out whether, and in what ways, you are permitted to use an image in your coursework or publications. Please refer to our copyright guidance and ask for further assistance if you are unsure.

Some images are given limited rights for reuse by their creators. This is likely to be accompanied with a requirement to give recognition to their work and may limit the extent to which it can be modified. The ‘Creative Commons’ copyright licensing scheme offers creators a set of tools for telling people how they wish their work to be used. You can find out more about the different kinds of licence, and what they mean, on the organisation’s web pages .

What is a caption?

Any image that you use should be given a figure number  and a brief description of what it is. Permission for use of an image in a published work should be acknowledged in the figure caption. Some organisations will require the permission statement to be given exactly as they specify. If they are required, permissions need to be stated in addition to the citing and referencing guidance given below.

Referencing images in PowerPoint slides

For a presentation you should include a brief citation under the image. Keep a reference list to hand (e.g. hidden slide) for questions. Making a public presentation or posting it online is publishing your work. You must include your references and observe permission and copyright rules.

Example of a caption

Library book with pink 7 day loan ticket

Figure 1. Library book. Reproduced with permission from: Rogers, T., 2015, University of Bath Library

Citing and referencing images

Citing images from a book or journal article.

If you wish to refer to images used in a book or journal, they are cited in the same way as text information , for example:

The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell can be visualised as a complex system (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

Campbell et al. (2015, pp. 282-283) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.

If you were to include this example in an essay the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:

Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

The reference at the end of the work would be as recommended for a book reference in our general referencing guide .

For a large piece of work such as a dissertation, thesis or report, a list of figures may be required at the front of the work after the contents page. Check with your department for information on specific requirements of your work.

Google images

When referencing an image found via Google you need to make sure that the information included in your reference relates to the original website that your search has found. Click on the image within the results to get to the original website and take your reference information from there. Take care to use credible sources with good quality information.

Citing and referencing images from a web page

If you use an image from a web page, blog or an online photograph gallery you should reference the individual image . Cite the image creator in the caption and year of publication. The creator may be different from the author of the web page or blog. They may be individual people or an organisation. Figure 2 below gives an example of an image with a corporate author:

Nasa Astronaut Tim Kopra on Dec. 21 2015 Spacewalk

List the image reference within your references list at the end of your work, using the format:

NASA, 2015.  NASA astronaut Tim Kopra on Dec. 21 spacewalk [Online]. Washington: NASA. Available from: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/nasa-astronaut-tim-kopra-on-dec-21-spacewalk [Accessed 7 January 2015].

Wikipedia images

If you want to reference an image included in a Wikipedia article, double-click on the image to see all the information needed for your reference. This will open a new page containing information such as creator, image title, date and specific URL. The format should be:

Iliff, D., 2006. Royal Crescent in Bath, England - July 2006  [Online] .  San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Crescent_in_Bath,_England_-_July_2006.jpg [Accessed 7 January 2016].

Images and designs from exhibitions, museums or archives

If you want to reference an image or design that you have found in an exhibition, museum or archive, then you also need to observe copyright rules and reference the image correctly. The format is:

For example, if you want to reference an old black and white photograph from 1965 that is held in an archive at the University of Bath:

Bristol Region Building Record, 1965. Green Park House (since demolished), viewed from southwest [Photograph]. BRBR, D/877/1. Archives & Research Collections, University of Bath Library.

NB if you were to reproduce this archive image in your work, or any part of it (rather than just cite it), you would also need to note ‘© University of Bath Library’. This copyright note should be added to the image caption along with the citation.

Referencing your own images

If you take a photograph, you do not have to reference it. For sake of clarity you may want to add “Image by author” to the caption. If you create an original illustration or a diagram that you have produced from your own idea then you do not have to cite or reference them. If you generate an image from a graphics package, for example a molecular structure from chemistry drawing software, you do not need to cite the source of the image.

Referencing images that you adapt from elsewhere

If you use someone else’s work for an image then you must give them due credit. If you reproduce it by hand or using graphics software it is the same as if you printed, scanned or photocopied it. You must cite and reference the work as described in this guide. If the image is something that you have created in an earlier assignment or publication you need to reference earlier piece of work to avoid self-plagiarism. If you want to annotate information to improve upon, extend or change an existing image you must cite the original work. However, you would use the phrase ‘adapted from’ in your citation and reference the original work in your reference list.

AI generated images

If you have used an AI tool to generate an image you must acknowledge that tool as a source  (see point 7 of the  academic integrity statement ).

This content is not recoverable; it cannot be linked or retrieved. There is no published source that you can reference directly. Instead you would give an in-text, ‘personal communications’ citation , as described in part 15 of our 'Write a citation' guidance (from the Harvard Bath guide). This type of citation includes the author details followed by (pers. comm.) and the date of the communication.

For example, an image of a shark in a library generated with Craiyon with a ‘personal communications’ citation included in the image caption:

cite picture in research paper

Figure 3. Shark in a library image generated using an AI tool (Craiyon, AI Image Generator (pers. comm.) 14 July 2022). 

Online images and resources for your work

The library has compiled a list of useful audio-visual resources, including images, that can be used for essays or assignments. Visit the ' finding images and videos ' tab of this guide to find out more.

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  • Last Updated: Nov 6, 2023 3:07 PM
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  • Referencing styles and applications

APA 7th Referencing Style Guide

  • Figures (graphs and images)
  • Referencing & APA style
  • In-text citation
  • Elements of a reference
  • Format & examples of a reference list
  • Conferences
  • Reports & grey literature

General guidelines

From a book, from an article, from a library database, from a website, citing your own work.

  • Theses and dissertations
  • Audio works
  • Films, TV & video
  • Visual works
  • Computer software, games & apps
  • Lecture notes & Intranet resources
  • Legal resources
  • Personal communications
  • PowerPoint slides
  • Social media
  • Specific health examples
  • Standards & patents
  • Websites & webpages
  • Footnotes and appendices
  • Frequently asked questions

A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration or image other than a table is referred to as a figure.

Figure Components

  • Number:  The figure number (e.g., Figure 1 ) appears above the figure in bold (no period finishing).
  • Title: The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number in Italic Title Case  (no period finishing).
  • Image: The image portion of the figure is the chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or illustration itself.
  • Legend: A figure legend, or key, if present, should be positioned within the borders of the figure and explain any symbols used in the figure image.
  • Note: A note may appear below the figure to describe contents of the figure that cannot be understood from the figure title, image, and/or legend alone (e.g., definitions of abbreviations, copyright attribution). Not all figures include notes. Notes are flush left, non-italicised. If present they begin with Note. (italicised, period ending). The notes area will include reference information if not an original figure, and copyright information as required.

General rules

  • In the text, refer to every figure by its number, no italics, but with a capital "F" for "Figure". For example, "As shown in Figure 1, ..." 
  • There are two options for the placement of figures in a paper. The first option is to place all figures on separate pages after the reference list. The second option is to embed each figure within the text.
  • If you reproduce or adapt a figure from another source (e.g., an image you found on the internet), you should include a copyright attribution in the figure note, indicating the origin of the reproduced or adapted material, in addition to a reference list entry for the work. Include a permission statement (Reprinted or Adapted with permission) only if you have sought and obtained permission to reproduce or adapt material in your figure. A permission statement is not required for material in the public domain or openly licensed material. For student course work, AUT assignments and internal assessments, a permission statement is also not needed, but copyright attribution is still required.
  • Important note for postgraduate students and researchers: If you wish to reproduce or adapt figures that you did not create yourself in your thesis, dissertation, exegesis, or other published work, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder/s, unless the figure is in the public domain (copyright free), or licensed for use with a Creative Commons or other open license. Works under a  Creative Commons licence  should be cited accordingly. See Using works created by others for more information. 

Please check the APA style website for an illustration of the basic figure component & placement of figure in a text.

More information & examples from the   APA Style Manual , s. 7.22-7.36,    pp. 225–250

Figure reproduced in your text

Note format - for notes below the figure

Figure example

In-text citation:

Reference list entry:

Referring to a figure in a book

If you refer to a figure included in a book but do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way, citing the page number where the figure appears.

Note format -  for notes below the figure

Figure example

Referring to a figure in an article

If you refer to a figure in an article but do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way for an article, citing the page number where the figure appears.

Note format - for notes below the figure

cite picture in research paper

Reference list:

cite picture in research paper

Referring to a figure on a webpage

If you refer to a figure on a webpage and do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way for a webpage,

Not every reference to an artwork needs a reference list entry. For example, if you refer to a famous painting, as below, it would not need a reference.

Finding image details for your figure caption or reference

  • clicking on or hovering your mouse over the image
  • looking at the bottom of the image
  • looking at the URL
  • If there is no title, create a short descriptive one yourself and put it in square brackets e.g. [...]
  • For more guidance, see Visual works

If it has been formally published reference your work as you would any other published work.

If the work is available on a website reference it as a webpage (see examples in the webpage section ).

Citing your own figures, graphs or images in an assignment:

  • Include the title
  • Add a note explaining the content. No copyright attribution is required.
  • You can, if you wish, add a statement that it is your own work
  • You do not need an in-text citation or add it to your reference list
  • See example in APA manual p.247, Figure 7.17 Sample photograph

Great Barrier Island 

cite picture in research paper

Note. Photo of Great Barrier Island taken from Orewa at sunrise. Own work.

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Research Guides

Gould library, how to cite your sources.

  • Tools and Handbooks
  • Chicago Manual of Style
  • Citing Government Documents
  • Citing Rare Books
  • Citing Archival Material
  • Image Credits and Captions

Elements of an Image Caption

Captioning creative commons media, find the original image, resources for learning more about image captions.

  • Informal Attribution

The purposes of an image caption are to:

  • Give credit to the creator
  • Provide basic identification or description of the image
  • Clarify the permissions or rights under which you are using the image

Due diligence

Before you decide to use the image, make sure you have done the following:

  • Know who the creator is. Because other people have not captioned their images well does not give you license to do so as well. Dig to find who created the image.
  • Dig to find the original. It is easy to discover images on social media, but usually those images were originally posted elsewhere. Do not settle for the most convenient location. Look for the most stable and authoritative original version. See the resources on this page for help.
  • Determine whether you have the right to redistribute the image in this way. Remember that fair use does not extend to redistribution outside the classroom. If the image is copyrighted, ask for permission. If the image is license free, make sure. If the image is yours, say so. If the image is CC-licensed, you have less to worry about. 

Provide the following elements in this order:

  • The phrase "Image source" or "Source"
  • Author/Creator
  • URL where accessed
  • "Used with permission" - in the case of a copyrighted image where you have contacted the creator
  • Text of the Creative Commons license - copy the language directly (ex. CC BY-SA, or CC BY 4.0 DEED Attribution 4.0 International, etc.)
  • "Public domain" - when you have determined the image is not under copyright or licensed
  • "Original photo" or "Author photo" - when you are the creator of the image
  • **If the image is Copyrighted or Licensed, you can't reuse it on a public website or document without author permission.

cite picture in research paper

The adorable face of a hedgehog. Image source: Mark Fletcher, "Hedgehog," 2009. Accessed via https://www.flickr.com/photos/fletchthemonkey/3807893972. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Remember...

The practice of image caption formatting changes depending on context. Different kinds of publications require more and less documentation. Different disciplines also vary. The elements listed above are suggestions based on the most common elements necessary to describe an image, make it possible to find again, and clarify why you get to share it. Take additional cues from good examples in the context where you are publishing. Finally, be responsible. Someone put work into the production of this image and they deserve credit. 

  • Captioning Creative Commons Images and Media When you caption Creative Commons media (including images), you should include 4 major parts (TASL). You may need to modify the order or add more information based on the citation style you are using. Title : What is the name of the work? Author : Who allows you to use the work? Source : Where can people find the work? License : How can you use the work?

8256206923 c77e85319e n.jpg

"Creative Commons 10th Birthday Celebration San Francisco" by  Timothy Vollmer  is licensed under  CC BY 4.0

  • TinEye Reverse Image Search Find all the other places online where this image has been posted. Great way to find the original source.
  • Jeffrey Friedl's Image Metadata Viewer This tool shows you all the metadata hidden in an image file, which might help you determine date of creation as well as basic attributes.
  • Google Images - Search by Image Click the camera icon in the search box and search by the image you have in hand (either by URL or by dragging in). Like TinEye, it finds other places online where the image has been posted.

Check the source's "Terms of Use," Image Credits," or "Image Permissions" section to make sure you know whether the image is under license or copyright or other terms of use.

  • Adding Photo Credits to Talk Slides (blog post) A helpful overview of writing image captions for presentations with many good tips. By Colin Purrington, photographer and former professor at Swarthmore.
  • Harder to Find Than Nemo: The Elusive Image Citation Standard (journal article) An article about the inconsistencies in the current standards for citing and captioning images. By Jennifer Yao Weinraub.
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Citation Styles

  • Citing and referencing figures / images (APA 7th)
  • How to cite Gen AI content in APA style
  • Citing and Referencing in ASA 7th
  • How to cite Gen AI content in Chicago Style
  • Citing and referencing figures / images (IEEE)

In-text citation and references

  • How to cite Gen AI content in IEEE Style
  • How to cite Gen AI content in MLA Style
  • Legal Citations
  • ACS Citation Style

Citations of figures / images in the paper must be in numerical order. Place it below the figure / image.

Citations to figures in text always carry the abbreviation “Fig.” followed by the figure number.  The figure number must have a period after it. Then comes the caption followed by Adapted from [the number in the reference list in which you provide the details of the source]. The first word of the caption should be capitalized. Do not use A, An, or The at the beginning of a figure or table caption. 

Fig. 1.  Footwear collected from the shorelines of Midway Atoll. Adapted from [x]

Fig. 1.  Footwear collected from the shorelines of Midway Atoll. Adapted from [2]

a) In the reference list give the details of the source, the webpage from which the image is taken in IEEE citation style (IEEE Reference Guide 2018). 

[2]  NOAA Photo Library. “fis01484." Flickr.com. https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/27889266330/in/album-72157670783471385/ (accessed Oct. 3, 2021).

or b) Cite the image as Artwork in IEEE citation style.

[2] NOAA Photo Library, fis01484.  2013. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2023. [Photo].  Available: https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/27889266330/

Acknowledgement for the use of the photograph used in the example:

We acknowledge the use of the photograph fis01484 by Kristen Kelly, taken from https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/27889266330/in/album-72157670783471385/ under CC BY 2.0

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You are expected to comply with University policies and guidelines namely, Appropriate Use of Information Resources Policy , IT Usage Policy and Social Media Policy . Users will be personally liable for any infringement of Copyright and Licensing laws. Unless otherwise stated, all guide content is licensed by CC BY-NC 4.0 .

Read our research on: Immigration & Migration | Podcasts | Election 2024

Regions & Countries

Migrant encounters at the u.s.-mexico border hit a record high at the end of 2023.

The U.S. Border Patrol had nearly 250,000 encounters with migrants crossing into the United States from Mexico in December 2023, according to government statistics . That was the highest monthly total on record, easily eclipsing the previous peak of about 224,000 encounters in May 2022.

A line chart showing that 2023 ended with more migrant encounters at U.S.-Mexico border than any month on record.

The monthly number of encounters has soared since 2020, when the coronavirus pandemic temporarily forced the U.S.-Mexico border to close and slowed migration across much of the world . In April 2020, the Border Patrol recorded around 16,000 encounters – among the lowest monthly totals in decades.

This Pew Research Center analysis examines migration patterns at the U.S.-Mexico border using  current  and  historical data  from U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the federal agency that includes the U.S. Border Patrol. The analysis is based on a metric known as migrant encounters.

The term “encounters” refers to two distinct types of events:

  • Apprehensions: Migrants are taken into custody in the United States, at least temporarily, to await a decision on whether they can remain in the country legally, such as by being granted asylum. Apprehensions are carried out under  Title 8 of the U.S. code , which deals with immigration law.
  • Expulsions: Migrants are immediately expelled to their home country or last country of transit without being held in U.S. custody. Expulsions are carried out under Title 42 of the U.S. code, a previously  rarely used section of the law  that the Trump administration invoked during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic . The law empowers federal health authorities to stop migrants from entering the country if it is determined that barring them could prevent the spread of contagious diseases. The Biden administration stopped the use of Title 42 in May 2023, when the federal government declared an end to the COVID-19 public health emergency .

It is important to note that encounters refer to events, not people, and that some migrants are encountered more than once. As a result, the overall number of encounters may overstate the number of distinct individuals involved.

This analysis is limited to monthly encounters between ports of entry involving the Border Patrol. It excludes encounters at ports of entry involving the Office of Field Operations.

Since then, the monthly number of migrant encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border has surpassed 200,000 on 10 separate occasions. That threshold previously hadn’t been reached since March 2000, when there were about 220,000 encounters.

It’s not clear whether the recent high numbers of encounters at the border will persist in 2024. In January, encounters fell to around 124,000 , according to the latest available statistics.

  • Apprehensions: Migrants are taken into custody in the U.S., at least temporarily, to await a decision on whether they can remain in the country legally, such as by being granted asylum. Apprehensions are carried out under  Title 8 of the U.S. code , which deals with immigration law.

A stacked bar chart showing that use of Title 42 began during coronavirus pandemic and ended in May 2023.

  • Expulsions : Migrants are immediately expelled to their home country or last country of transit without being held in U.S. custody. Expulsions are carried out under Title 42 of the U.S. code, a previously  rarely used section of the law  that the Trump administration invoked during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The law empowers federal health authorities to stop migrants from entering the country if it is determined that barring them could prevent the spread of contagious diseases. In the early months of the pandemic in the U.S., the Border Patrol relied heavily on Title 42 to expel most of the migrants it encountered at the border. The Biden administration stopped the use of Title 42 in May 2023, when the federal government declared an end to the COVID-19 public health emergency . Since then, the Border Patrol has been apprehending migrants within the U.S. instead of expelling them from the country.

Related:  Key facts about Title 42, the pandemic policy that has reshaped immigration enforcement at U.S.-Mexico border

Who is crossing the U.S.-Mexico border?

An area chart showing that a growing share of migrant encounters involve people traveling in families.

In December 2023, most encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border (54%) involved migrants traveling as single adults, while 41% involved people traveling in families and 5% involved unaccompanied minors.

In recent months, a growing number of encounters have involved people traveling in families. In December 2023, the Border Patrol had nearly 102,000 encounters with family members, up from around 61,000 a year earlier.

There has also been a shift in migrants’ origin countries. Historically, most encounters at the southwestern border have involved citizens of Mexico or the Northern Triangle nations of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. But in December 2023, 54% of encounters involved citizens of countries other than these four nations.

An area chart showing that most border encounters now involve people from countries other than Mexico and Northern Triangle.

Venezuelans, in particular, stand out. Nearly 47,000 migrant encounters in December 2023 involved citizens of Venezuela, up from about 6,000 a year earlier. The number of encounters involving Venezuelans was second only to the approximately 56,000 involving Mexicans in December 2023.

There has also been a sharp increase in encounters with citizens of China, despite its distance from the U.S.-Mexico border. The Border Patrol reported nearly 6,000 encounters with Chinese citizens at the southwestern border in December 2023, up from around 900 a year earlier.

How do Americans view the situation at the border?

The American public is broadly dissatisfied with how things are going at the border, according to a new Pew Research Center survey .

Eight-in-ten U.S. adults say the government is doing a very or somewhat bad job dealing with the large number of migrants seeking to enter the U.S. at the border with Mexico. And nearly as many say the situation is either a “crisis” (45%) or a “major problem” (32%) for the U.S.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published on March 15, 2021.

cite picture in research paper

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What’s happening at the U.S.-Mexico border in 7 charts

Most americans are critical of government’s handling of situation at u.s.-mexico border, after surging in 2019, migrant apprehensions at u.s.-mexico border fell sharply in fiscal 2020, how border apprehensions, ice arrests and deportations have changed under trump, most popular.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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About The Author

cite picture in research paper

Olivia S. Kim

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Trading Off Business and Family Investments: Evidence from U.S. Entrepreneurial Households

Credit and the family: the economic consequences of closing the credit gap of u.s. couples.

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  • Trading Off Business and Family Investments: Evidence from U.S. Entrepreneurial Households  By: Olivia S Kim
  • Credit and the Family: The Economic Consequences of Closing the Credit Gap of U.S. Couples  By: Olivia S. Kim
  • Loan Guarantees and Credit Supply  By: Natalie Bachas, Olivia S. Kim and Constantine Yannelis

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / How to reference an image in Harvard style

How to reference an image in Harvard style

Referencing images can be confusing. Do you reference the photographer or the subject of the image itself? Do you include where you saw or found the image? What if you took the photograph yourself? This guide will help clear up the confusion!  

Below, the guide will cover how to cite images in different scenarios, both as an in-text citation and a reference. For each scenario, you will be given a citation structure, along with examples to illustrate each case.

Online images/photographs  

Today, finding and citing a digital or online image is simple. You’ll need the following information:

  • Photographer’s name
  • (Year published)  
  • Title of the photograph, italizised
  • Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

In-text citation structure and example:

(Photographer’s name, Year published)

Photographer’s name (Year published)

B.B. King’s beautiful Gibson semi-hollow body ES-355 guitar (Joseph, 2001) ……

Reference list structure and example:

Photographer’s Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

Joseph, J. (2001) Lucille. Available at: http://www.jackjoseph.co.uk/photo_23456.html (Accessed: 22 August 2016)

Online images/photographs from a curated collection  

As we know, the Internet has a vast repository of curated image collections, especially on sites like Tumblr, Pinterest and Instagram, to name just a few. The rules stay pretty much unchanged in this case, as well.  

You will just need to direct the viewer/reader to the source where you viewed or uploaded the image. You may cite relevant information about images sourced from such Internet collections as follows:

  • (Year published)
  • Title of the photograph/collection, italicized

Photographs by Gustavo Grandissimo (2015) …

Grandissimo, G. (2015) The heights of abstraction. Available at: https://instagram.com/theheightsofabstraction (Accessed: 10 August 2012)

Images without a listed photographer or artist  

You may cite information about images without a listed creator. You’ll need the following information:

  • Title of the photograph, italicized

As you can see in the image of the controversial protest rally ( Up in arms , 2019) …

Title of the photograph (Year published) Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

Up in arms (2019) Available at: http://www.therevolutionbeat.com/protests/2019/image_34567.html (Accessed: 10 March 2019)

Prints or slides

A print refers to a printed reproduction of a popular work of art or image. A slide, on the other hand, is a transparent photograph that consists of chromogenic dyes mounted inside a plastic frame to be projected onto a large screen.  

Information needed:

  • [Photograph]
  • Place of publication: Publisher’s name, if available

The expanding mushroom cloud from the resulting blast was captured on that fateful day (Tanaka, 1945)

Tanaka, N. (1945) The day Fat Boy fell to Earth [Photograph]. Hokkaido: Kurosawa Publishers  

Images photographed by you

It is not necessary to provide a reference to a photograph or image if you are the creator. However, check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present original images or photographs in your work.

If you need to reference an original image, you can use the following citation structure:

  • Your name (Year published or taken)

…lays emphasis on the fact that the sun doesn’t need to be the focus of a picture (Koenig, 2019)

Your Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph [Photograph]  

Koenig, K. (2019) The sunset [Photograph]  

Published October 29, 2020.

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Records Related to Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAPs) at the National Archives

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has established an ‘‘Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Records Collection," per sections 1841–1843 of the 2024 National Defense Authorization Act (Public Law 118-31) .  

Please explore the links below to find out more about records related to unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs)/unidentified flying objects (UFOs) in NARA’s holdings. All links to items in the National Archives Catalog are downloadable and can be republished with attribution to the National Archives and Records Administration.

cite picture in research paper

Still Pictures and Photographs UAP Related Records

RG 255: Records of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

  • Items from the series “Photographs Relating to Agency Activities, Facilities and Personnel, 1960–1991” (National Archives Identifier: 5956182 , Local Identifier: 255-GS)

RG 342: Records of U.S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations, 1900–2003

  • Items include 342-AF-63708AC, 342-AF-163969AC, 342-AF-34920AC, 342-AF-34923 AC, 342-AF-34919AC, 342-AF-163969AC, and 342-AF-34919AC.  A finding aid for these items is available in the Still Picture Research Room.
  • Items from the series “Black and White and Color Photographs of U.S. Air Force Activities, Facilities, and Personnel, Domestic and Foreign” (National Archives Identifier: 542326 , Local Identifier: 342-B)

RG 341: Records of Headquarters U.S. Air Force (Air Staff)

  • “Project “BLUE BOOK”, 1954–1966.” (National Archives Identifier: 542184 , Local Identifier: 341-PBB)

Moving Images and Sound UAP Related Records

RG 111: Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer

  • MAJ. GEN. JOHN A. SAMFORD'S STATEMENT ON "FLYING SAUCERS", PENTAGON, WASHINGTON, D.C (National Archives Identifier: 25738 , Local Identifier: 111-LC-30875)

RG 255: Records of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1903–2006

  • Walter Cronkite and Gordon Cooper on UFOs (National Archives Identifier: 86027191 , Local Identifier: 255-PAOa-807-AAE).
  • An Executive Summary of the Greatest Secret of the 20th Century (National Archives Identifier: 5833930 , Local Identifier: 255-GOLDIN-233).  

RG 263: Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1894–2002

  • Unidentified Flying Objects, 1956 (National Archives Identifier: 617148 , Local Identifier: 263-95). This film is edited, with sound. 
  • Unidentified Flying Objects, 1956 (National Archives Identifier: 5954651 and 617916 , Local Identifier: 263-124). 

RG 306: Records of the U.S. Information Agency, 1900–2003

  • Doctor Edward Condon, University of Colorado Physicist Studying Unidentified Flying Objects (National Archives Identifier: 127614 , Local Identifier: 306-EN-S-T-2808). 
  • Alderman Interview with Doctor Page on Unidentified Flying Objects (National Archives Identifier: 130003 , Local Identifier: 306-EN-W-T-8990)
  • Foreign Press Center Briefing with B. Maccabee, L. Koss, J. Shandera, and B. Hopkins (National Archives Identifier: 56103 , Local Identifier: 306-FP-17)

RG 330: Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense

  • The Case of the Flying Saucer (National Archives Identifier: 2386432 , Local Identifier: 330a.85)
  • Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Sighting (National Archives Identifier: 614788 , Local Identifier: 330-DVIC-653)

RG 341: Records of Headquarters U.S. Air Force (Air Staff) 

  • “Project Blue Book Motion Picture Films, 1950-1966” (National Archives Identifier: 61934 , Local Identifier: 341-PBB)
  • “Sound Recordings Relating to Project Blue Book Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Investigations, 1953-1967” (National Archives Identifier: 1142703 , Local Identifier: 341-PBBa)
  • “Moving Images Relating to “The Roswell Reports” Source Data Research Files, 1946-1996” (National Archives Identifier: 566658 , Local Identifier: 341-ROSWELL)
  • “Sound Recordings Relating to “The Roswell Reports”, 1991-1996” (National Archives Identifier: 566843 , Local Identifier: 341-ROSWELLa)

RG 342: Records of U.S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations

  • DFD Avrocar I Progress Report, February 1, 1958 – May 1959 (National Archives Identifier: 68170 , Local Identifier: 342-USAF-29668).
  • Disc Flight Development, Avrocar I Progress Report, May 2, 1959–April 12, 1960 (National Archives Identifier: 68175 , Local Identifier: 342-USAF-29673). 
  • Avrocar Continuation Test Program and Terrain Test Program, June 1, 1960–June 14, 1961 (National Archives Identifier: 68405 , Local Identifier: 342-USAF-31135). 
  • Friend, Foe, or Fantasy, 1966 (National Archives Identifier: 69861 , Local Identifier: 342-USAF-41040). 
  • UFO Interview, 1966 (National Archives Identifier: 70511 , Local Identifier: 342-USAF-42990).
  • USAF UFO sightings, California, 1952–1975 (National Archives Identifier: 72035 , Local Identifier: 342-USAF-49377).

RG 517: Records of the U.S. Agency for Global Media

  • UFO Sighting Over Alaska, January 13, 1987 (National Archives Identifier: 262327376,   Local Identifier: 517-VOAa-87-306.)
  • Science World 1030, 2002 (National Archives Identifier: 77179268 , Local Identifier: 517-BBG-50046)

Donated Collections:

  • Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs): Fact or Fiction, November 1974 (National Archives Identifier: 2838871 , Local Identifier: 200.1572)
  • Paramount News [Mar. 7] (1951) Vol. 10. No. 52 (National Archives Identifier: 99581 ,  Local Identifier: PARA-PN-10.52)
  • Paramount News [July 30] (1952) Vol. 11, No. 100 (National Archives Identifier: 99731 , Local Identifier: PARA-PN-11.100)
  • Universal Newsreel Volume 22, Release 276, August 22, 1949 (National Archives Identifier: 234273290 , Local Identifier: UN-UN-22-276)
  • Universal Newsreel Volume 25, Release 586, August 11, 1952 (National Archives Identifier: 234273597 , Local Identifier: UN-UN-25-586)

Textual Records and Microfilm UAP Related Records

RG 64: Records of the National Archives and Records Administration  

  • Project Blue Book: UFO Sightings  (National Archives Identifier: 40027753 )

RG 181: Records of Navy Installations Command, Navy Regions, Naval Districts, and Shore Establishments

  • Collection of A8-2 Information, 1959 (National Archives Identifier: 291645977 )

RG 237: Records of The Federal Aviation Administration

  • Information Releases Relating to Unidentified Flying Object, 1986 (FAA—Japan Airlines Flight 1628) (National Archives Identifier: 733667 )
  • Gemini VII Air-to-Ground Transcript Volume I (National Archives Identifier: 5011500 )
  • Records of Investigations of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) Relating to the Office of Special Investigations, 1948–1968 (National Archives Identifier: 45484701 )
  • Project Blue Book Administrative Files, 1947–1969 (National Archives Identifier: 595175 )
  • Copies of the Case Files of the 4602D Air Intelligence Service Squadron on Sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), 1954–1956 (National Archives Identifier: 23857158 )
  • Case Files of the 4602 D Intelligence Service Squadron on Sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) (National Archives Identifier: 23857157 )
  • Roswell Report Source Files, 1987–1996 (National Archives Identifier: 17618564 )
  • Air Intelligence Reports, 1948–1953 (National Archives Identifier: 23857122 )
  • Project Blue Book Artifacts, 1952–1969 (National Archives Identifier: 23857160 )
  • Sanitized Version of Project Blue Book Case Files on Sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects, 1947–1969 (National Archives Identifier: 597821 )
  • Case files on Sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), 1953-1960 (National Archives Identifier: 23857159 )
  • Project Blue Book Case Files on Sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), June 1947–December 1969 (National Archives Identifier: 595466 )
  • Miscellaneous Case Files On Sightings Of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), 1953–1960 (National Archives Identifier: 23857159 )

RG 342: Records of the U. S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations  

  • AFR 80-17/OCAMA-TAFB Sup Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) (National Archives Identifier: 37294296 )
  • Obsolete During 1969: 4600 Air Base Wing Supplement 1 to Air Force Regulation 80-17, Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO), 10 January 1967; Superseded, 15 April 1969 (National Archives Identifier: 68875395 )
  • REL-2-4-1 UFOs 1965 (National Archives Identifier: 311003081 )
  • File 5: 2, Community Relations, 1970 (National Archives Identifier: 47323287 )
  • 471.6 Guided Missiles, 1 January 1952 (National Archives Identifier: 333334712 )
  • 471.6 Guided Missiles, 1 July 1952 (National Archives Identifier: 333334717 )

National Archives Blog Posts and Articles

  • Project BLUE BOOK - Unidentified Flying Objects (Updated 2020)
  • National Archives News: Public Interest in UFOs Persists 50 Years After Project Blue Book Termination (2019)
  • Featured Document Display: 50 Years Ago: Government Stops Investigating UFOs (2019)
  • Pieces of History: Saucers Over Washington: the History of Project Blue Book (2019)
  • Pieces of History: INVASION! (of privacy) (2018)
  • Pieces of History: UFOs: Natural Explanations (2018)
  • Pieces of History: UFOs: Man-Made, Made Up, and Unknown (2018)
  • National Archives News: Do Records Show Proof of UFOs? (2018)
  • The Unwritten Record: The Roswell Reports: What crashed in the desert? (2014)
  • The Unwritten Record: Avrocar: The U.S. Military’s Flying Saucer (2014)
  • The NDC Blog: What on Earth Is It? (2014)
  • Pieces of History: Flying Saucers, Popular Mechanics, and the National Archives (2013)
  • The Unwritten Record: Project Blue Book: Home Movies in UFO Reports (2013)
  • The Unwritten Record: Project Blue Book: Spotting UFOs in the Film Record (2013)
  • [VIDEO]: UFO Project Blue Book at National Archives Museum

cite picture in research paper

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Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Title: eva-clip-18b: scaling clip to 18 billion parameters.

Abstract: Scaling up contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) is critical for empowering both vision and multimodal models. We present EVA-CLIP-18B, the largest and most powerful open-source CLIP model to date, with 18-billion parameters. With only 6-billion training samples seen, EVA-CLIP-18B achieves an exceptional 80.7% zero-shot top-1 accuracy averaged across 27 widely recognized image classification benchmarks, outperforming its forerunner EVA-CLIP (5-billion parameters) and other open-source CLIP models by a large margin. Remarkably, we observe a consistent performance improvement with the model size scaling of EVA-CLIP, despite maintaining a constant training dataset of 2-billion image-text pairs from LAION-2B and COYO-700M. This dataset is openly available and much smaller than the in-house datasets (e.g., DFN-5B, WebLI-10B) employed in other state-of-the-art CLIP models. EVA-CLIP-18B demonstrates the potential of EVA-style weak-to-strong visual model scaling. With our model weights made publicly available, we hope to facilitate future research in vision and multimodal foundation models.

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  • How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Published on May 25, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

Chicago Reference Generator

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , it’s recommended to just cite images in notes, omitting them from the bibliography. List an image in your bibliography only if you cite it frequently,  if it’s essential to your argument, or if your university requires you to.

Follow the format shown below to create a note and—if necessary—a bibliography entry for an image viewed online. Make sure to cite the page where the image is hosted, not, for example, the Google search results where you found it.

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Table of contents

Citing an artwork from a museum, citing an image from a book, image citations in chicago author-date style, frequently asked questions about chicago style citations.

When you viewed an artwork in person at a museum, gallery, or other location, provide information about the institution housing it. Include a URL if the museum website has a page dedicated to the artwork.

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cite picture in research paper

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An image you encountered in a book , journal article , or other print source should be cited by first listing information about the image itself, then listing information about the source it was contained in, including the page number where the image can be found.

Use italics for the title an image originally created outside the context of the book or article (e.g., an artwork) and quotation marks for the title of an image original to the book or article (e.g., an infographic). Use plain text to describe an untitled image.

An example citation of an artwork from a book is shown below.

In Chicago author-date style , an in-text citation for an image consists of the author’s last name and the year the image was created.

These citations correspond to entries in your reference list. Reference list entries are similar to bibliography entries, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name.

  • Online image
  • Museum artwork
  • Image from a book

In Chicago style , when you don’t just refer to an image but actually include it in your (research) paper , the image should be formatted as a figure. Place the figure before or after the first paragraph where it is mentioned. Refer to figures by their numbers in the text (e.g., “see fig. 1”).

Below the figure, place a caption providing the figure number followed by a period (e.g., “Figure 1.”), a reference to the source (if you didn’t create the image yourself), and any relevant information to help the reader understand the image (if needed).

The caption is single-spaced and left-aligned, and followed by a blank line before the continuation of the main text.

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with websites ), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.

In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.

When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your Chicago footnotes and your bibliography :

If you are using author-date in-text citations , or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with “n.d.”

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, December 05). How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/image-citations/

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  1. How to Cite an Image

    To cite an image, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding reference entry. The reference entry should list: The creator of the image The year it was published The title of the image The format of the image (e.g., "photograph") Its location or container (e.g. a website, book, or museum)

  2. How to Cite an Image in APA Style

    How to Cite an Image in APA Style | Format & Examples Published on November 5, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 1, 2023. An APA image citation includes the creator's name, the year, the image title and format (e.g. painting, photograph, map), and the location where you accessed or viewed the image.

  3. How to Cite Images

    Citation General Guidelines Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples). Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.) Title of the image Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created

  4. How to Cite a Picture or Image in APA

    3.5 ( 161) Referencing visual media in your research paper, thesis, or dissertation can be an engaging and effective way to support your argument. Photographs, paintings, infographics, and maps are only a few examples of the many types of visual content that can be included.

  5. How to Cite an Image in MLA

    Published on November 20, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on June 16, 2022. The format in which you cite an image in MLA style depends on where you viewed the image. Images are often found by searching online; in this case, you'll cite the website where the image is hosted, in the following format.

  6. How to Cite Images, Graphs & Tables in a Research Paper

    Although it's not mandatory to cite images in a research paper, however, if you choose to include them, it will help showcase your deep understanding of the research topic. It can even represent the clarity you carry for your research topic and help the audience navigate your paper easily.

  7. How to Cite an Image or Photo in APA Format

    Generally, if you want to cite photos or images that were retrieved online in APA format, follow this formula: Last name of creator, First name initial. (Year of origin). Image title in italics [Type of media]. Website name. URL. Don't be confused by the "type of media"—this simply means the medium of the image.

  8. Citing Images

    Citing Images Using Images in Research and Presentations Why Do I Need to Cite Images? Citing all your sources of information and creative work you use is part of academic integrity. You are giving credit where credit is due.

  9. Documenting and Citing Images

    Use the following elements when identifying and citing an image, depending on the information you have available. It is your responsibility to do due diligence and document as much as possible about the image you are using: Artist's/creator's name, if relevant; Title of the work/image, if known, or description;

  10. Research Guides: Citing Sources: Citing & Using Images

    Citing Image Sources - Basic Guidelines Give attribution to image creators in citations and credit statements to acknowledge authorship Indicate when using a personal photograph Include source information Citations to images included in image databases should include the following (or as much of it as can be easily determined from the source):

  11. Images Research Guide: Citing Images

    There are many ways to cite images. Most important is to include all relevant information so others can locate, understand and evaluate any images you use. Academic Styles of Citing Images: APA Style (7th Edition) MLA Style (9th Edition) Non-Academic Style: Image Credits APA Style (7th Edition)

  12. Images: Image Citation

    Following are several examples of image citations formatted according to MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. For more in-depth examples, check out the resources at Colgate Visual Resources Library . MLA 8th edition Style (examples from The Owl at Purdue) Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid.

  13. How to Cite an Image

    How to Cite an Image To create a basic works-cited-list entry for an image, list the creator of the image, the title of the image, the date of composition, and the location of the image, which would be a physical location if you viewed the image in person.

  14. Finding and referencing images: Referencing images

    Introduction. In this guide, ' IMAGE ' is used to refer to any visual resource such as a diagram, graph, illustration, design, photograph, or video. They may be found in books, journals, reports, web pages, online video, DVDs and other kinds of media. This guide also refers to ' CREATOR '. This could be an illustrator, photographer, author ...

  15. Citing Google Images in APA, MLA or Chicago

    Image with no author in APA style. To cite an image with no author in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information, such as the title of the image, publication date, publisher/museum/gallery name, physical location, and/or a URL. Cite the source by its title. If the title is long, shorten it to a word or two for the in-text ...

  16. How to Cite a Picture or Image in MLA

    Search Photograph - An image produced by a camera. Citing a photograph or image displayed in a museum or institution (viewed in-person) The citations below are based on information from the MLA Style Center. View Screenshot | Cite your source Citing a photograph or image from a museum or institution (viewed online)

  17. How to Cite an Image or Photo in MLA Format

    "Image title." Website name, Day Month Year of posting, URL. Note that the image title may be in italics instead of quotation marks if the work is a painting or photograph. If the image has no title, you can write a basic description of the image, without quotation marks, in its place.

  18. Figures (graphs and images)

    Image: The image portion of the figure is the chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or illustration itself. Legend: A figure legend, or key, if present, should be positioned within the borders of the figure and explain any symbols used in the figure image. Note: A note may appear below the figure to describe contents of the figure that cannot be ...

  19. Cite an Image

    Cite an image accessed online. Use another form to cite artworks from museums. Title Required Show description Show subtitle Website name Contributors Recommended Add organization Publication date Recommended No month No day Circa URL Recommended Add annotation Cite source

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  21. Citing and referencing figures / images (IEEE)

    Citations of figures / images in the paper must be in numerical order. Place it below the figure / image. Citations to figures in text always carry the abbreviation "Fig." followed by the figure number.

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    3.1 ( 21) Citation Generator Source Type Search Referencing images can be confusing. Do you reference the photographer or the subject of the image itself? Do you include where you saw or found the image? What if you took the photograph yourself? This guide will help clear up the confusion!

  26. Records Related to Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAPs) at the

    The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has established an ''Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Records Collection," per sections 1841-1843 of the 2024 National Defense Authorization Act (Public Law 118-31). Please explore the links below to find out more about records related to unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs)/unidentified flying objects (UFOs) in NARA's holdings ...

  27. Title: EVA-CLIP-18B: Scaling CLIP to 18 Billion Parameters

    Scaling up contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) is critical for empowering both vision and multimodal models. We present EVA-CLIP-18B, the largest and most powerful open-source CLIP model to date, with 18-billion parameters. With only 6-billion training samples seen, EVA-CLIP-18B achieves an exceptional 80.7% zero-shot top-1 accuracy averaged across 27 widely recognized image ...

  28. How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style

    Use plain text to describe an untitled image. An example citation of an artwork from a book is shown below. Chicago bibliography. Author last name, First name. Image Title. Year. In Author first name Last name, Book Title, Page number. City: Publisher, Year. Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder.