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Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) | Guide & Examples

Published on May 13, 2022 by Shaun Turney . Revised on February 10, 2024.

The Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ) is the most common way of measuring a linear correlation. It is a number between –1 and 1 that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Table of contents

What is the pearson correlation coefficient, visualizing the pearson correlation coefficient, when to use the pearson correlation coefficient, calculating the pearson correlation coefficient, testing for the significance of the pearson correlation coefficient, reporting the pearson correlation coefficient, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the pearson correlation coefficient.

The Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ) is the most widely used correlation coefficient and is known by many names:

  • Pearson’s r
  • Bivariate correlation
  • Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC)
  • The correlation coefficient

The Pearson correlation coefficient is a descriptive statistic , meaning that it summarizes the characteristics of a dataset. Specifically, it describes the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables.

Although interpretations of the relationship strength (also known as effect size ) vary between disciplines, the table below gives general rules of thumb:

The Pearson correlation coefficient is also an inferential statistic , meaning that it can be used to test statistical hypotheses . Specifically, we can test whether there is a significant relationship between two variables.

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Another way to think of the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ) is as a measure of how close the observations are to a line of best fit .

The Pearson correlation coefficient also tells you whether the slope of the line of best fit is negative or positive. When the slope is negative, r is negative. When the slope is positive, r is positive.

When r is 1 or –1, all the points fall exactly on the line of best fit:

Strong positive correlation and strong negative correlation

When r is greater than .5 or less than –.5, the points are close to the line of best fit:

Perfect positive correlation and Perfect negative correlation

When r is between 0 and .3 or between 0 and –.3, the points are far from the line of best fit:

Low positive correlation and low negative correlation

When r is 0, a line of best fit is not helpful in describing the relationship between the variables:

Zero correlation

The Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ) is one of several correlation coefficients that you need to choose between when you want to measure a correlation. The Pearson correlation coefficient is a good choice when all of the following are true:

  • Both variables are quantitative : You will need to use a different method if either of the variables is qualitative .
  • The variables are normally distributed : You can create a histogram of each variable to verify whether the distributions are approximately normal. It’s not a problem if the variables are a little non-normal.
  • The data have no outliers : Outliers are observations that don’t follow the same patterns as the rest of the data. A scatterplot is one way to check for outliers—look for points that are far away from the others.
  • The relationship is linear: “Linear” means that the relationship between the two variables can be described reasonably well by a straight line. You can use a scatterplot to check whether the relationship between two variables is linear.

Pearson vs. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is another widely used correlation coefficient. It’s a better choice than the Pearson correlation coefficient when one or more of the following is true:

  • The variables are ordinal .
  • The variables aren’t normally distributed .
  • The data includes outliers.
  • The relationship between the variables is non-linear and monotonic.

Below is a formula for calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ):

\begin{equation*} r = \frac{ n\sum{xy}-(\sum{x})(\sum{y})}{% \sqrt{[n\sum{x^2}-(\sum{x})^2][n\sum{y^2}-(\sum{y})^2]}} \end{equation*}

The formula is easy to use when you follow the step-by-step guide below. You can also use software such as R or Excel to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient for you.

Step 1: Calculate the sums of x and y

Start by renaming the variables to “ x ” and “ y .” It doesn’t matter which variable is called x and which is called y —the formula will give the same answer either way.

Next, add up the values of x and y . (In the formula, this step is indicated by the Σ symbol, which means “take the sum of”.)

Σ x = 3.63 + 3.02 + 3.82 + 3.42 + 3.59 + 2.87 + 3.03 + 3.46 + 3.36 + 3.30

Σ y = 53.1 + 49.7 + 48.4 + 54.2 + 54.9 + 43.7 + 47.2 + 45.2 + 54.4 + 50.4

Step 2: Calculate x 2 and y 2 and their sums

Create two new columns that contain the squares of x and y . Take the sums of the new columns.

Σ x 2  = 13.18 + 9.12 + 14.59 + 11.70 + 12.89 +  8.24 +  9.18 + 11.97 + 11.29 + 10.89

Σ x 2  = 113.05

Σ y 2  = 2 819.6 + 2 470.1 + 2 342.6 + 2 937.6 + 3 014.0 + 1 909.7 + 2 227.8 + 2 043.0 + 2 959.4 + 2 540.2

Step 3: Calculate the cross product and its sum

In a final column, multiply together x and y (this is called the cross product). Take the sum of the new column.

Σ xy = 192.8 + 150.1 + 184.9 + 185.4 + 197.1 + 125.4 + 143.0 + 156.4 + 182.8 + 166.3

Step 4: Calculate r

Use the formula and the numbers you calculated in the previous steps to find r .

n = 10

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The Pearson correlation coefficient can also be used to test whether the relationship between two variables is significant .

The Pearson correlation of the sample is r . It is an estimate of rho ( ρ ), the Pearson correlation of the population . Knowing r and n (the sample size), we can infer whether ρ is significantly different from 0.

  • Null hypothesis ( H 0 ): ρ = 0
  • Alternative hypothesis ( H a ): ρ ≠ 0

To test the hypotheses , you can either use software like R or Stata or you can follow the three steps below.

Step 1: Calculate the t value

Calculate the t value (a test statistic ) using this formula:

\begin{equation*} t = \frac{r} {\sqrt{\dfrac{1-r^2}{n-2}}} \end{equation*}

Step 2: Find the critical value of t

You can find the critical value of t ( t* ) in a t table. To use the table, you need to know three things:

  • The degrees of freedom ( df ): For Pearson correlation tests, the formula is df = n – 2.
  • Significance level (α): By convention, the significance level is usually .05.
  • One-tailed or two-tailed: Most often, two-tailed is an appropriate choice for correlations.

Step 3: Compare the t value to the critical value

Determine if the absolute t value is greater than the critical value of t . “Absolute” means that if the t value is negative you should ignore the minus sign.

Step 4: Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis

  • If the t value is greater than the critical value, then the relationship is statistically significant ( p <  α ). The data allows you to reject the null hypothesis and provides support for the alternative hypothesis.
  • If the t value is less than the critical value, then the relationship is not statistically significant ( p >  α ). The data doesn’t allow you to reject the null hypothesis and doesn’t provide support for the alternative hypothesis.

If you decide to include a Pearson correlation ( r ) in your paper or thesis, you should report it in your results section . You can follow these rules if you want to report statistics in APA Style :

  • You don’t need to provide a reference or formula since the Pearson correlation coefficient is a commonly used statistic.
  • You should italicize r when reporting its value.
  • You shouldn’t include a leading zero (a zero before the decimal point) since the Pearson correlation coefficient can’t be greater than one or less than negative one.
  • You should provide two significant digits after the decimal point.

When Pearson’s correlation coefficient is used as an inferential statistic (to test whether the relationship is significant), r is reported alongside its degrees of freedom and p value. The degrees of freedom are reported in parentheses beside r .

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

  • Chi square test of independence
  • Statistical power
  • Descriptive statistics
  • Degrees of freedom
  • Null hypothesis

Methodology

  • Double-blind study
  • Case-control study
  • Research ethics
  • Data collection
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Structured interviews

Research bias

  • Hawthorne effect
  • Unconscious bias
  • Recall bias
  • Halo effect
  • Self-serving bias
  • Information bias

You should use the Pearson correlation coefficient when (1) the relationship is linear and (2) both variables are quantitative and (3) normally distributed and (4) have no outliers.

You can use the cor() function to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient in R. To test the significance of the correlation, you can use the cor.test() function.

You can use the PEARSON() function to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient in Excel. If your variables are in columns A and B, then click any blank cell and type “PEARSON(A:A,B:B)”.

There is no function to directly test the significance of the correlation.

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3 Ways to Calculate a Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient in Excel

If you’ve ever learnt some statistics, then you’ve probably come across the correlation coefficient.

But can you calculate this in Excel?

Yes, you can!

Excel can be a great tool for a statistician when you know how to use it.

In this post, I’ll show you 3 ways to calculate the correlation coefficient in Excel.

Video Tutorial

What is a correlation coeffecient.

The correlation coefficient is also known as the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and it is a measurement of how related two variables are.

The calculation can have a value between 0 and 1.

A value of 0 indicates the two variables are highly unrelated and a value of 1 indicates they are highly related.

pearson r worksheet

For example, you might have data on height (meters) and weight (kilograms) for a sample of people and want to know if these two variables are related.

Intuitively, you would think a person’s height and weight are related, but the correlation coefficient will show you mathematically how related or unrelated these are.

Correlation Coefficient Formula

pearson r worksheet

The correlation coefficient r can be calculated with the above formula where x and y are the variables which you want to test for correlation.

In this example, the x variable is the height and the y variable is the weight. r is then the correlation between height and weight.

Calculating the Correlation Coefficient from the Definition

Let’s see how we can calculate this in Excel based on the above definition.

pearson r worksheet

There are quite a few steps involved to calculate the correlation coefficient from scratch.

  • Calculate the average height. = AVERAGE ( C3:C12 )
  • Calculate the average weight. = AVERAGE ( D3:D12 )
  • Calculate the difference between the height and average height for each data point. This formula will need to be copied down for each row. = C3 - $C$14
  • Calculate the difference between the weight and average weight for each data point. This formula will need to be copied down for each row. = D3 - $D$14
  • Calculate the square of the difference from step 3 for each row. = POWER ( F3, 2 )
  • Calculate the square of the difference from step 4 for each row. = POWER ( G3, 2 )
  • Calculate the product of differences from step 3 and 4 for each row. = F3 * G3
  • Calculate the sum of the squared differences from step 5. = SUM ( H3:H12 )
  • Calculate the sum of the squared differences from step 6. = SUM ( I3:I12 )
  • Calculate the sum of the product of differences from step 7. = SUM ( J3:J12 )
  • Calculate the correlation with the following formula. = J14 / ( SQRT ( H14 ) * SQRT ( I14 ) )

It’s quite an involved calculation with a lot of intermediate steps.

Thankfully Excel has a built in function for getting the correlation which makes the calculation much more simple.

CORREL Function

This is a function specifically for calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient in Excel.

It’s very easy to use. It takes two ranges of values as the only two arguments.

  • Variable1 and Variable2 are the two variables which you want to calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between.
  • These are required inputs and must be a single column or single row array of numbers. Variable1 and Variable2 must also have the same dimension.

pearson r worksheet

The above formula is what you would need to calculate the correlation between height and weight.

Wow, so much easier than calculating it from scratch!

This method is also dynamic. If your data changes, the correlation calculation will update to reflect the new data.

Statistical Tools

Excel comes with a powerful statistical tools add-in, but you need to enable it to use it first and it’s quite hidden.

pearson r worksheet

To enable the Analysis ToolPak :

  • Go to the File tab and then choose Options .
  • Go to the Add-ins tab in the Excel Options .
  • Choose Excel Add-ins from the drop-down list and press the Go button.
  • Check the Analysis ToolPak option from the available add-ins.
  • Press the OK button.

pearson r worksheet

You will now have a Data Analysis command available in the Data tab and you can click on this to open up the Analysis ToolPak.

pearson r worksheet

This will open up the Data Analysis menu and you can then select Correlation from the options and press the OK button.

pearson r worksheet

This will open up the Data Analysis Correlation menu.

  • Supply the Input Range for the correlation calculation. This should be a range with numerical values organized into columns or rows.
  • Select the Group By option of Columns or Rows . This example has the data organized by columns as values for height are all in one column and values for weight are in a separate column.
  • Select whether or not your input range has Labels in the first row.  These labels are used later in the output so it’s best to select an input range that includes the labels.
  • Select where to place the output in the Output options . You can choose from a location in the current sheet, a location in a new sheet, or a new workbook.
  • Press the OK button create the calculation.

pearson r worksheet

This will output a correlation matrix.

This means if you have more than two columns of variable, the matrix will contain the correlation coefficient for all combinations of variables.

The drawback of this method is the output is static. If your data changes, you will need to rerun the data analysis to update the correlation matrix.

Conclusions

Correlation is a very useful statistic to determine if your data is related.

The mathematical formula can be intimidating though, especially when trying to calculate it in Excel.

Thankfully there are a few easy ways to implement this calculation in Excel.

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selvaraj

It is very helpful. Thanks alot

Michael Ratti

Thanks for the post. But cannot seem to download the example files. Link appears to not be working at the moment.

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How To Perform A Pearson Correlation Test In Excel

In this guide, I will show you how to perform a Pearson correlation test in Microsoft Excel. This includes determining the Pearson correlation coefficient as well as a p value for the statistical test.

I have discussed how to perform a Spearman’s rank correlation test in Excel previously.

What is a Pearson correlation test?

A Pearson correlation is a statistical test to determine the association between two continuous variables.

The output is given as the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) which is a value ranging from -1 to 1 to indicate the strength of the association.

The following values of r indicate the direction and strength of the association.

  • r = -1 : A perfect negative association
  • r = 0 : No association
  • r = +1 : A perfect positive association

If you want to learn more about about the test, including the test assumptions, then check out my Pearson correlation explained article.

How to perform a Pearson correlation test in Excel

In Excel, there is a function available to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient. However, there is no simple means of calculating a p-value for this. A way around this is to firstly calculate a t statistic which will then be used to determine the p-value.

1. Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient in Excel

In this section, I will show you how to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient in Excel, which is straightforward.

In Excel, click on an empty cell where you want the correlation coefficient to be entered. Then enter the following formula.

Simply replace ‘ array1 ‘ with the range of cells containing the first variable and replace ‘ array2 ‘ with the range of cells containing the second variable.

Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient in Microsoft Excel

For the example above, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is ‘ 0.76 ‘.

2. Calculate the t-statistic from the coefficient value

The next step is to convert the Pearson correlation coefficient value to a t -statistic. To do this, two components are required: r and the number of pairs in the test (n).

In order to determine the number of pairs, simply count them manually or use the count function ( =COUNT ). Each pair should be a pair, so remove any entries that are not a pair.

The equation used to convert r to the t-statistic can be found below.

Convert correlation coefficient to t statistic

The formula to do this in Excel can be found below.

Simply replace the ‘ r ‘ with the correlation coefficient value and replace the ‘ n ‘ with the number of observations in the analysis.

For the example in this guide, the formula used in Excel can be seen below.

Calculate t statistic from Pearson correlation coefficient in Microsoft Excel

Note, if your coefficient value is negative, then use the following formula:

The addition of the ABS function converts the coefficient value to an absolute (positive) number. Otherwise, a negative coefficient value will bring up an error.

3. Calculate the p-value from the t statistic

The final step in the process of calculating the p-value for a Pearson correlation test in Excel is to convert the t-statistic to a p-value.

Before this can be done, we just need to calculate a final piece of information: the number of degrees of freedom (DF). The DF can be found by subtracting 2 from n ( n – 2 ).

Now we are ready to calculate the p-value. To do this, simply use the =TDIST function in Excel.

Simply enter the formula below.

Replace the ‘ x ‘ with the t statistic created previously and replace the ‘ deg_freedom ‘ with the DF. Finally, for the tails, enter the number ‘ 1 ‘ for a one-tailed analysis or a ‘ 2 ‘ for a two-tailed analysis. If you are unsure about which to use, use a two-tailed analysis (‘ 2 ‘).

Below is a screenshot for how this looks in Excel by using the example.

Calculate p value from t statistic in Microsoft Excel

In the example, the p value is ‘ 0.006 ‘. Therefore, there is a significant positive correlation (r=0.76) between participant ages and their BMI.

There is no easy way to calculate a p value for a Pearson correlation test in Excel. However, by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient this can be converted to a t-statistic, which in turn can be used to calculate a p-value .

Microsoft Excel version used: 365 ProPlus

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Thank you so much Steven, you saved my and my research! Just one question: as Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient can be easily calculated with Excel, can I apply the same procedure to get the p-value for Spearman? Thank you!

Hi Raf, Thanks for your feedback 🙂 I’ve also got a Spearman rank tutorial in Excel; see here: https://toptipbio.com/spearman-correlation-excel/ Spearman rank has a few different steps at the beginning to ‘rank’ the data. All the best Steven

Thank you so much. very useful for me. i have applied in my work

Thanks so much for breaking it down like this! Definitely helpful.

Very useful and I used it in my works. thanks a lot.

Fantastic! Thank you! This is exactly what I needed. I do not have a stats package on my computer and I have been trying to wrangle a lot of data. Cheers!

Many thanks Susan 🙂

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Pearson Correlation and Linear Regression

A correlation or simple linear regression analysis can determine if two numeric variables are significantly linearly related. A correlation analysis provides information on the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables, while a simple linear regression analysis estimates parameters in a linear equation that can be used to predict values of one variable based on the other.

Correlation

The Pearson correlation coefficient, r , can take on values between -1 and 1.  The further away r  is from zero, the stronger the linear relationship between the two variables.  The sign of r  corresponds to the direction of the relationship.  If r  is positive, then as one variable increases, the other tends to increase.  If  r  is negative, then as one variable increases, the other tends to decrease.  A perfect linear relationship ( r= -1 or  r= 1) means that one of the variables can be perfectly explained by a linear function of the other.

Scatter_vipers

Linear Regression

A linear regression analysis produces estimates for the slope and intercept  of the linear equation predicting an outcome variable, Y , based on values of a predictor variable, X.   A general form of this equation is shown below:

regression equation

The intercept, b 0 ,  is the predicted value of Y when X =0.  The slope, b 1 , is the average change in Y for every one unit increase in X .  Beyond giving you the strength and direction of the linear relationship between X and Y , the slope estimate allows an interpretation for how Y changes when X increases. This equation can also be used to predict values of Y for a value of  X .

Scatter_line_vipers

Inferential tests can be run on both the correlation and slope estimates calculated from a random sample from a population. Both analyses are t -tests run on the null hypothesis that the two variables are not linearly related. If run on the same data, a correlation test and slope test provide the same test statistic and p -value.

Assumptions:

  • Random samples
  • Independent observations
  • The predictor variable and outcome variable are linearly related (assessed by visually checking a scatterplot).
  • The population of values for the outcome are normally distributed for each value of the predictor (assessed by confirming the normality of the residuals).
  • The variance of the distribution of the outcome is the same for all values of the predictor (assessed by visually checking a residual plot for a funneling pattern).

Hypotheses:

H o : The two variables are not linearly related. H a : The two variables are linearly related.

Relevant Equations:

Degrees of freedom : df = n -2

correlation

Example 1: Hand calculation

These videos investigate the linear relationship between people’s heights and arm span measurements.

Correlation analysis of height and arm span

Sample conclusion: Investigating the relationship between armspan and height, we find a large positive correlation ( r =.95), indicating a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables. We calculated the equation for the line of best fit as Armspan =-1.27+1.01 (Height) . This indicates that for a person who is zero inches tall, their predicted armspan would be -1.27 inches. This is not a possible value as the range of our data will fall much higher. For every 1 inch increase in height, armspan is predicted to increase by 1.01 inches.

Example 2: Performing analysis in Excel 2016 on Some of this analysis requires you to have the add-in Data Analysis ToolPak in Excel enabled.

Dataset used in videos

Correlation analysis

Sample conclusion: In evaluating the relationship between how happy someone is and how funny others rated them, the scatterplot indicates that there appears to be a moderately strong positive linear relationship between the two variables, which is supported by the correlation coefficient ( r = .65). A check of the assumptions using the residual plot did not indicate any problems with the data. The linear equation for predicting happy from funny was Happy =.04+0.46 (Funny). The y-intercept indicates that for a person whose funny rating was zero, their happiness is predicted to be .04. Funny rating does significantly predict happiness such that for every 1 point increase in funny rating the males are predicted to increase by .46 in happiness ( t = 3.70, p = .002).

Example 3: Performing analysis in R

The following videos investigate the relationship between BMI and blood pressure for a sample of medical patients.

Correlation analysis of BMI and BP

Pearson Correlation Formula

The correlation coefficient is the measurement of the correlation between two variables. Pearson correlation formula is used to see how the two sets of data are co-related. The linear dependency between the data set is checked using the Pearson correlation coefficient. It is also known by the name of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient product lies between -1 to +1. If the correlation coefficient is zero, then the data is said to be not related. A value of +1 indicates that the data are positively correlated and a value of -1 indicates a negative correlation.

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What Is Pearson Correlation Formula?

The Pearson correlation coefficient is symbolised by the letter “r”. RephraseThe Pearson correlation formula for the coefficient r is given by:

\(r=\frac{n\left(\sum x y\right)-\left(\sum x\right)\left(\sum y\right)}{\sqrt{\left[n \sum x^{2}-\left(\sum x\right)^{2}\right]\left[n \sum y^{2}-\left(\sum y\right)^{2}\right]}}\)

Where, \(r=\) Pearson correlation coefficient \(x=\) Values in the first set of data \(y=\) Values in the second set of data \(n=\) Total number of values

Pearson Correlation Formula

Let's solve a few solved examples based on the Pearson correlation formula. 

Solved Examples Using Pearson Correlation Formula

Example 1:  a survey was conducted in your city. given is the following sample data containing a person's age and their corresponding income. find out whether the increase in age has an effect on income using the correlation coefficient formula. (use \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{181}}\) as 0.074 and \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{209}}\) as 0.07).

To simplify the calculation, we divide y by 1000.

Pearson correlation coefficient for sample = \(\dfrac{\Sigma (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y})}{\sqrt{\Sigma (x_i - \bar{x})^2 \Sigma (y_i - \bar{y})^2 }}\) = \(\dfrac{386}{\sqrt{181}\sqrt{836}}\) = \(\dfrac{193}{\sqrt{181}\sqrt{209}}\) = 0.99

Answer: Yes, with the increase in age a person's income increases as well, since the Pearson correlation coefficient between age and income is very close to 1.

Example 2: Marks obtained by 5 students in algebra and trigonometry as given below:

\(\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline \text { science } & 16 & 15 & 12 & 10 & 8 \\ \hline \text { geometry } & 11 & 18 & 10 & 20 & 17 \\ \hline \end{array}\) calculate the pearson correlation coefficient..

Solution: Construct the following table:

pearson formula table

Answer: r = -0.424

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1. Scatterplots and Correlation

2. lesson 17 pearsons correlation coefficient, 3. chapter 1 answers, 4. statistical analysis 2: pearson correlation, 5. worksheet 4.3 answers -, 6. 1. name: class: kindergarten date: bat ..., 7. pearson mathematics algebra 1, 8. pearson mathematics geometry.

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  1. Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r)

    Knowledge Base Statistics Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) | Guide & Examples Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) | Guide & Examples Published on May 13, 2022 by Shaun Turney . Revised on June 22, 2023. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is the most common way of measuring a linear correlation.

  2. PDF Exercise.9 Calculation of Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient

    1. Calculate the simple correlation coefficient between wing length & tail length of the following 12 birds of a particular species. Also test its significant. 2. The date refer to the yield of grain in gms|plant(y) and the number of productive tillers (x) and 15 paddy plants Find the correlation 3.

  3. PDF Pearson's correlation coefficient

    Pearson's r ranges from -1 to +1. Values of -1 or +1 indicate perfect negative or positive, respectively, linear relationships. A value of 0 indicates no linear relationship (although the relationship may be non-linear). The correlation coefficient is an inherently standardized statistic and is therefore readily

  4. PDF Pearson's correlation

    16.1 PCV 0.450 0.420 0.440 0.395 0.395 0.370 0.390 0.400 0.445 0.470 0.390 0.400 0.420 0.450 The scatterplot suggests a definite relationship between PVC and Hb, with larger values of Hb tending to be associated with larger values of PCV. There appears to be a positive correlation between the two variables.

  5. PDF The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) between two variables X and Y

    The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) between two variables X and Y can be expressed in several equivalent forms; one of which is n i y i x i s y y s x x n r X Y 1 _ _ ( )( ) 1 ( , ) Where x-bar (y-bar) is the sample mean and sx (s. y) the sample standard deviation of X (Y). (1) If a and c are two positive constants and b and d are any two ...

  6. Using Excel to Calculate and Graph Correlation Data

    Calculating Pearson's r Correlation Coefficient with Excel Creating a Scatterplot of Correlation Data with Excel.

  7. Correlation Coefficient: Simple Definition, Formula, Easy Steps

    Step 8: Click "OK." The result will appear in the cell you selected in Step 2. For this particular data set, the correlation coefficient(r) is -0.1316. Caution: The results for this test can be misleading unless you have made a scatter plot first to ensure your data roughly fits a straight line. The correlation coefficient in Excel 2007 will always return a value, even if your data is ...

  8. PDF Statistical Analysis 2: Pearson Correlation

    ­ As sample size increases, so the value of r at which a significant result occurs, decreases. So it is important to look at the size of r, rather than the p-value. A value of r below 0.5 is 'weak' ­ Conclusions are only valid within the range of data collected. p-value Pearson's correlation coefficient, r number of pairs of readings

  9. R Programming Video Tutorial & Practice

    Accessibility Patent notice © 1996- 2024 Pearson All rights reserved. Learn R Programming with free step-by-step video explanations and practice problems by experienced tutors.

  10. Resources for 03. Teach Yourself Worksheets

    This teach yourself worksheet explains how to obtain interpet scatterplots and the Pearson and Kendall's Tau correlation coefficients. Correlation Using SPSS (Worksheet) Using an example on calcium intake, this teach yourself worksheet focuses on the use of SPSS to obatin and interpret correlation coefficients.

  11. PDF Correlation and Regression— Pearson and Spearman

    EXAMPLE 1—PEARSON REGRESSION An instructor wants to determine if there is a relationship between how long a student spends taking a final exam (2 hours are allotted) and his or her grade on the exam (students are free to depart upon completion). Research Question

  12. PDF 14: Correlation

    Correlation coefficients (denoted r) are statistics that quantify the relation between X and Y in unit-free terms. When all points of a scatter plot fall directly on a line with an upward incline, r = +1; When all points fall directly on a downward incline, r = !1. Such perfect correlation is seldom encountered.

  13. Lesson Plan: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

    Lesson Plan: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Mathematics. Lesson Plan: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. This lesson plan includes the objectives, prerequisites, and exclusions of the lesson teaching students how to calculate and use Pearson's correlation coefficient, 𝑟, to describe the strength and direction of a linear relationship.

  14. 3 Ways to Calculate a Pearson's Correlation Coefficient in Excel

    = C3 - $C$14 Calculate the difference between the weight and average weight for each data point. This formula will need to be copied down for each row. = D3 - $D$14 Calculate the square of the difference from step 3 for each row. = POWER ( F3, 2 ) Calculate the square of the difference from step 4 for each row. = POWER ( G3, 2 )

  15. Quiz & Worksheet

    Instructions: Choose an answer and hit 'next'. You will receive your score and answers at the end. question 1 of 3 Zoe needs to analyze the strength of the relationship between two variables. What...

  16. How To Perform A Pearson Correlation Test In Excel

    The formula to do this in Excel can be found below. = (r*SQRT (n-2))/ (SQRT (1-r^2)) Simply replace the ' r ' with the correlation coefficient value and replace the ' n ' with the number of observations in the analysis. For the example in this guide, the formula used in Excel can be seen below. Note, if your coefficient value is ...

  17. Pearson Correlation and Linear Regression

    Correlation. The Pearson correlation coefficient, r, can take on values between -1 and 1. The further away r is from zero, the stronger the linear relationship between the two variables. The sign of r corresponds to the direction of the relationship. If r is positive, then as one variable increases, the other tends to increase.

  18. Pearson Correlation Coefficient

    What Is Pearson Correlation Coefficient? Pearson correlation coefficient, also known as Pearson R statistical test, measures the strength between the different variables and their relationships.

  19. Pearson Correlation Formula

    Solution: Construct the following table: The formula for Pearson correlation coefficient is: r = n(∑xy)−(∑x)(∑y) √[n∑x2−(∑x)2][n∑y2−(∑y)2] r = n ( ∑ x y) − ( ∑ x) ( ∑ y) [ n ∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x) 2] [ n ∑ y 2 − ( ∑ y) 2] r = 5×902−61×76 √[5×789(61)2∥5×1234−(76)2] r = 5 × 902 − 61 × 76 [ 5 × 789 ( 61) 2 ‖ 5 × 1234 − ( 76) 2] r = −0.424 r = − 0.424

  20. Worksheet

    Lesson Worksheet. Download the Nagwa Classes App. Attend sessions, chat with your teacher and class, and access class-specific questions. Download Nagwa Classes app today! Download for Desktop Windows macOS Intel macOS Apple Silicon Nagwa is an educational technology startup aiming to help teachers teach and students learn. ...

  21. Pearson R Worksheets

    Displaying top 8 worksheets found for - Pearson R. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Scatterplots and correlation, Lesson 17 pearsons correlation coefficient, Chapter 1 answers, Statistical analysis 2 pearson correlation, Work answers, Name class kindergarten date bat, Pearson mathematics algebra 1, Pearson mathematics geometry.

  22. Pearson R Worksheet.pdf

    5/23/2022 PEARSON R WORKSHEET Part I. Multiple Choice. Read the questions carefully and highlight in yellow () the correct answer. (__ pts.) 1. Which of the following is the most appropriate interpretation of a product-moment correlation coefficient of 0.6? a.