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Avoid using unnecessary divisions under a single heading. Each division should be logical and informative.

The heads of an outline should represent equally important divisions of the subject as a whole, and should be parallel in grammatical form and tense. In a topic outline, if “I” is a noun, “II” and “III” are also nouns; if “I” is a prepositional phrase, so are “II” and “III.” The same principle applies to subdivisions. Likewise, a sentence outline should use complete sentences throughout and not lapse into topic headings.

The subdivisions should also designate equally important and parallel divisions of one phase of the main divisions.

Headings of equal rank should not overlap; what is in “II” should exclude what is covered in “I”; “B” should be clearly distinct from “A.”

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How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.

How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline

A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.

A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:

  • Organize your thoughts
  • Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
  • Ensure nothing is forgotten

A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.

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Table of contents

Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.

  • Definition of measles
  • Rise in cases in recent years in places the disease was previously eliminated or had very low rates of infection
  • Figures: Number of cases per year on average, number in recent years. Relate to immunization
  • Symptoms and timeframes of disease
  • Risk of fatality, including statistics
  • How measles is spread
  • Immunization procedures in different regions
  • Different regions, focusing on the arguments from those against immunization
  • Immunization figures in affected regions
  • High number of cases in non-immunizing regions
  • Illnesses that can result from measles virus
  • Fatal cases of other illnesses after patient contracted measles
  • Summary of arguments of different groups
  • Summary of figures and relationship with recent immunization debate
  • Which side of the argument appears to be correct?

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outlining is used for academic papers only

Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:

  • Decide on the subject of the paper
  • Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss
  • Organize related ideas into sub-groups
  • Arrange your ideas into a hierarchy: What should the reader learn first? What is most important? Which idea will help end your paper most effectively?
  • Create headings and subheadings that are effective
  • Format the outline in either alphanumeric, full-sentence or decimal format

There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.

  • Alphanumeric
  • Full-sentence

An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.

  • Sub-point of sub-point 1

Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.

  • Additional sub-point to conclude discussion of point of evidence introduced in point A

A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.

  • 1.1.1 Sub-point of first point
  • 1.1.2 Sub-point of first point
  • 1.2 Second point

To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.

There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.

Parallelism: Be consistent with grammatical form

Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.

Example of parallelism:

  • Include different regions, focusing on the different arguments from those against immunization

Coordination: Be aware of each point’s weight

Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.

Example of coordination:

  • Include immunization figures in affected regions
  • Illnesses that can result from the measles virus

Subordination: Work from general to specific

Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.

Example of subordination:

Division: break information into sub-points.

Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.

Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .

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Writing a paper: outlining, outlining strategies.

Outlining your first draft by listing each paragraph's topic sentence can be an easy way to ensure that each of your paragraphs is serving a specific purpose in your paper.  You may find opportunities to combine or eliminate potential paragraphs when outlining—first drafts often contain repetitive ideas or sections that stall, rather than advance, the paper's central argument .

Additionally, if you are having trouble revising a paper, making an outline of each paragraph and its topic sentence after you have written your paper can be an effective way of identifying a paper's strengths and weaknesses.

Example Outline

The following outline is for a 5-7 page paper discussing the link between educational attainment and health. Review the other sections of this page for more detailed information about each component of this outline!

I. Introduction

A. Current Problem: Educational attainment rates are decreasing in the United States while healthcare costs are increasing. B. Population/Area of Focus: Unskilled or low-skilled adult workers C. Key Terms:   healthy, well-educated   Thesis Statement: Because of their income deficit (cite sources) and general susceptibility to depression (cite sources), students who drop out of high school before graduation maintain a higher risk for physical and mental health problems later in life.

II. Background

A. Historical Employment Overview: Unskilled laborers in the past were frequently unionized and adequately compensated for their work (cite sources). B. Historical Healthcare Overview: Unskilled laborers in the past were often provided adequate healthcare and benefits (cite sources). C. Current Link between Education and Employment Type: Increasingly, uneducated workers work in unskilled or low-skilled jobs (cite sources). D. Gaps in the Research: Little information exists exploring the health implications of the current conditions in low-skilled jobs.

III. Major Point 1:  Conditions of employment affect workers' physical health. 

A. Minor Point 1: Unskilled work environments are correlated highly with worker injury (cite sources). B. Minor Point 2: Unskilled work environments rarely provide healthcare or adequate injury recovery time (cite sources).

IV. Major Point 2: Conditions of employment affect workers' mental health

A. Minor Point 1: Employment in a low-skilled position is highly correlated with dangerous levels of stress (cite sources). B. Minor Point 2: Stress is highly correlated with mental health issues (cite sources).

V. Major Point 3: Physical  health and mental health correlate directly with one another.

A. Minor Point 1: Mental health problems and physical health problems are highly correlated (cite sources). B. Minor Point 2: Stress manifests itself in physical form (cite sources)

VI. Major Point 4: People with more financial worries have more stress and worse physical health.

A. Minor Point 1: Many high-school dropouts face financial problems (cite sources). B. Minor Point 2: Financial problems are often correlated with unhealthy lifestyle choices such unhealthy food choices, overconsumption/abuse of alcohol, chain smoking, abusive relationships, etc. (cite sources).

VII. Conclusion

A. Restatement of Thesis:  Students who drop out of high school are at a higher risk for both mental and physical health problems throughout their lives. B. Next Steps:  Society needs educational advocates; educators need to be aware of this situation and strive for student retention in order to promote healthy lifestyles and warn students of the risks associated with dropping out of school.

Introduction/Context

Your introduction provides context to your readers to prepare them for your paper's argument or purpose.  An introduction should begin with discussion of your specific topic (not a broad background overview) and provide just enough context (definitions of key terms, for example) to prepare your readers for your thesis or purpose statement.

Sample Introduction/Context: If the topic of your paper is the link between educational attainment and health, your introduction might do the following: (a) establish the population you are discussing, (b) define key terms such as healthy and well-educated , or (c) justify the discussion of this topic by pointing out a connection to a current problem that your paper will help address.

Thesis/Purpose Statement

A thesis or purpose statement should come at the end of your introduction and state clearly and concisely what the purpose or central argument of your paper is. The introduction prepares your reader for this statement, and the rest of the paper follows in support of it.

Sample Thesis Statement: Because of their income deficit (Smith, 2010) and general susceptibility to depression (Jones, 2011), students who drop out of high school before graduation maintain a higher risk for physical and mental health problems later in life.

After the initial introduction, background on your topic often follows. This paragraph or section might include a literature review surveying the current state of knowledge on your topic or simply a historical overview of relevant information. The purpose of this section is to justify your own project or paper by pointing out a gap in the current research which your work will address.

Sample Background: A background section on a paper on education and health might include an overview of recent research in this area, such as research on depression or on decreasing high school graduation rates.

Major & Minor Points

Major points are the building blocks of your paper. Major points build on each other, moving the paper forward and toward its conclusion. Each major point should be a clear claim that relates to the central argument of your paper.

Sample Major Point: Employment and physical health may be a good first major point for this sample paper.  Here, a student might discuss how dropping out of high school often leads to fewer employment opportunities, and those employment opportunities that are available tend to be correlated with poor work environments and low pay.

Minor points are subtopics within your major points. Minor points develop the nuances of your major points but may not be significant enough to warrant extended attention on their own. These may come in the form of statistics, examples from your sources, or supporting ideas.

Sample Minor Point: A sample minor point of the previous major point (employment and physical health) might address worker injury or the frequent lack of health insurance benefits offered by low-paying employers.

The rest of the body of your paper will be made up of more major and minor points. Each major point should advance the paper's central argument, often building on the previous points, until you have provided enough evidence and analysis to justify your paper's conclusion.

More Major and Minor Points: In this paper, more major points might include mental health of high school dropouts, healthcare access for dropouts, and correlation between mental and physical health. Minor topics could include specific work environments, job satisfaction in various fields, and correlation between depression and chronic illness.

Your conclusion both restates your paper's major claim and ties that claim into a larger discussion. Rather than simply reiterating each major and minor point, quickly revisit your thesis statement and focus on ending the paper by tying your thesis into current research in your field, next steps for other researchers, your broader studies, or other future implications.

Sample Conclusion: For this paper, a conclusion might restate the central argument (the link between lack of education and health issues) and go on to connect that discussion to a larger discussion of the U.S. healthcare or education systems.

Outlining Video

Note that this video was created while APA 6 was the style guide edition in use. There may be some examples of writing that have not been updated to APA 7 guidelines.

  • Prewriting Demonstrations: Outlining (video transcript)

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*Research and Writing: Integrated Skills & Strategies*

  • Information Literacy
  • Information Formats
  • Popular, Trade, and Scholarly Sources
  • Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources
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  • Picking a Topic
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What is Outlining?

Organizing the outline, from outline to draft, still struggling.

Conversing with someone else about your research and writing process can be incredibly helpful.  Contact staff at McKillop Library or the Writing Center using the links below.

  • Ask-a-Librarian
  • Meet with a Writing Consultant

Outlining Resources

These are the resources included on this page.  See main text for further information.

  • Alphanumeric Outline
  • Web Outline
  • Tree Outline
  • Topic Sentence Map

Outlining is the process of laying out the main ideas, key concepts, supporting details, and evidence to be included in the paper. An outline also determines the order in which these pieces will be presented.

You may have created a preliminary outline while prewriting and initially examining the research, but an outline at this step of the writing process begins to exclude unnecessary information, choose specific pieces of the research to integrate and cite, and--most importantly--set the logical order for each of the main ideas in the construction of your overall analysis of the topic.  

There are many different types of outlines, some more visual than others. You will find several options included here, but you may also want to create your own freeform outline. While the formats differ, the general use of all outlines is the same. 

Thesis → key main ideas connected to thesis → details related to each of these main ideas (sub-points) → the evidence and analysis of this evidence 

The number of sub-points for each main idea depends on the scope of your overall research. Below you will find sample outlines with descriptions for how they can be used. Some outlines provide more room for elaboration than others; but remember, you don't need to write much in the blank spaces. 

Alphanumeric Outline:  The most formal of outlines, the alphanumeric outline, is formatted almost like a list. As its name suggests, it uses numbers and letters to structure different levels of information.  

Alphanumeric Outline Sample

  • Alphanumeric Outline Try using the alphanumeric outline for your research.

Web Outline:  The web outline places the thesis in the center and organizes the information from inside out. This format appeals to a more visual writer but is not sequential. Because the order in which the main points are presented are not obvious, numbering the circles can help organize further. 

Web Outline Sample

  • Web Outline Try using the web brainstorm for your research.

Tree Outline:  Tree outlines are similar to webs but are organized from top to bottom and left to right. This outline is ideal for tracing the development of a concept or a chronology. The evidence and analysis boxes are limited for space, so it is best to include the source, relevant page or paragraph numbers for the evidence, and key words for the analysis. 

Tree Outline Sample

  • Tree Outline Try using the tree brainstorm for your research.

Once the outline is complete, the next step is to begin drafting. While the outline provides a road map for the direction of your paper, it does not necessarily establish the exact number or distinct breaks of paragraphs. As you begin to write, the amount of information and analysis you include will shape the length of each paragraph. You may need to elaborate on some points more than others. 

If you don't feel ready to begin writing just yet, try further outlining by drafting the topic sentences for each paragraph. The topic sentence map allows you to develop the main points and support into topic sentences that capture the focus of each paragraph and the connection to the thesis. Including a transition or transitional phrase will also demonstrate to the reader why and how one idea logically connects to or builds on another.  

The rule of thumb is to maintain a balance of analysis (claims) and evidence (sources). A strategy for monitoring this balance is to label, sentence by sentence, the purpose of each sentence. Ask yourself, is this sentence an explanation or presentation of source material (evidence) or is it my commentary on that piece of evidence (analysis)? Once you have marked all sentences, the result will help you recognize if you've maintained a balance.  

  • << Previous: Literature Reviews
  • Next: Source Integration >>
  • Last Updated: Feb 6, 2024 11:26 AM
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12 Outlining

Once you have your concepts and know how you are going to connect your concepts, you can start to shape your essay by working on an outline. An outline can help structure your writing – but it is flexible! Imagine that your outline is your travel plan for what you want to do on your vacation – you know which sights you want to see, which pictures you want to take, and where you want to go. Once you know this, you can then decide how you’re going to do these things: what do you want to visit first? How will you travel between destinations? How long will you stay in each place?

Overhead image of a person reviewing a map while writing in a open notebook. A pair of glasses, a journal, and pecils lie beside the map

For your writing journey, an outline can help you answer similar questions: which concept do you want to discuss first? How will you travel between different concepts? How much will you write about each concept?

Your outline helps you plan and structure what you want to say and in what order you will say it. As your ideas develop, you may adjust your outline so that it better fits with the concepts you want to connect and the evidence you will use to support your ideas.

You can follow this KPU learning aid to learn more about structuring your outline.

Using our example writing assignment, I can get started on my outline.

Bus at transit stop with question: "Are transit services effective for Kwantlen University students?"

I’ll  group ideas and concepts into paragraphs:

Outline: Introduction: Describe what it's like to take the bus; Thesis Statement; Paragraph 1: Time, Students have many other things on their schedule, Buses late, don't come; Paragraph 2: Distance - travel between campuses, Not reliable, limits course options, carpooling quicker, easier

Right now, I haven’t written my thesis statement, but that will be my next step.

If you are an intermediate or an experienced academic writer, you might want to try creative graphic approaches to outlining.

Pencil crayons lay on a piece of paper. Each pencil crayon has been used to draw on stripe of a rainbow.

Below you can see an example of using text and d rawing to organize key ideas and assess options when putting together a project.

Example of a hand-drawn mind map: Why and How at the top of page, Then identify gaps, see progress, connect ideas, share knowledge, review and remember. Start with bottom-up notes, make a list, organize by topic and order link, identify gaps and fill them. There's also the top down approach: map what you want to learn and then fill it in with more details. Organizing: Goals - easy review, engaging; sharing, navigation links?, planning, see active gaps, focus. Outline. Map book index system (short URL). Evernote or other computer-based thing? Blog or wiki.

“ 2013-10-14 Mapping what you know ” by Sacha Chua CC BY 2.0

Academic Writing Basics Copyright © 2019 by Megan Robertson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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4a. Outlining

Outlining is a focused prewriting and visualization technique that helps writers organize their ideas for an essay to meet a word count requirement, to decide which evidence and appeals will best suit their purpose and audience, and keep arguments and counterarguments focused on the main idea. Drafting is the step in the writing process at which you compose a complete first version of an academic essay or other piece of writing. Organizing your ideas for an essay into a formal or informal outline will help you translate your raw insights and research into a form that will communicate meaning to a reader. It will also provide you with a guide to follow in that moment when you reach the end of a paragraph and need to transition to a new one. Used in combination, outlining and drafting are powerful tools that can writers use to organize their ideas, previsualize their finished piece of writing, and manage their time effectively as the clock ticks down toward your deadlines.

Planning Ahead

When tasked with composing an essay, giving a presentation, or writing an application letter, you need to develop your ideas in an order that makes sense to your audience and suits the purpose of the task. Order refers to your choice of what to present first, second, third, and so on in your writing – from the order of individual words in a sentence to the order of sentences in paragraphs and paragraphs in an essay. Outlining provides writers the ability to play around with the order of ideas, evidence, paragraphs, and other elements of an essay before committing them to the page. A formal outline is a detailed guide that shows how all of your supporting ideas relate to each other and to your thesis. It helps you distinguish between ideas and details that are of relatively equal importance from ones of lesser or supporting importance. An outline is a useful framework for crafting your first draft.

Cognitively, outlining also stimulates the brain to begin previsualizing a finished composition. With practice, a writer can use an outline (or even a detailed task analysis, freewrite, or idea map) to think spatially and temporally about the writing process. Thinking spatially involves a writer’s ability to picture how the essay will take physical shape on the page as their thoughts flow from their fingertips through the pen or keyboard and become words, sentences, paragraphs, and even chapters. Temporal thinking involves a writer’s ability to conceptualize and schedule the hours, days, or even months that will be required to draft, revise, and edit any essay or writing task. While writers are always making spatial and temporal decisions internally while planning and drafting an essay, an outline can provide you a concrete representation of your planning and a guide to follow while writing your first draft.

As writers consider the purpose and goals for a writing task, they often begin by prewriting to reflect on the best way to order their ideas, appeals, and evidence. Poets, journalists, and essayists and other writers typically balance order and purpose in their writing by considering three ways of organizing:

  • Order of Importance
  • Chronological Order
  • Spatial Order

Academic essays typically deploy Order of Importance strategies. Once you have written out our working thesis, you are ready to develop a formal outline for an academic essay. There are many strategies and methods for outlining an essay. Typically, a formal outline uses numbers and letters or bullet points to format the page.

A formal outline for an academic essay will typically look something like the following example. An outline like this one can help you make sure that your essays develop your own voice as a writer and use your sources for support, rather than letting your sources dominate the essay.  Distinguished Professor of Writing Lisa Ede once said, “let your writing tell you what to read.” Creating even a skeletal outline for an essay or writing project allows you to follow that advice and confidently develop your voice while reading, researching, and drafting.

Introduction

  • Question at issue
  • Preview of main ideas (useful for essays that are longer than five paragraphs)

Background and Context

  • Depending on the length and content requirements of an essay assignment, it may be useful to include a background and context paragraph to define keywords, provide background information or historical context, or situate your approach to a topic in relation to a particular audience or discourse community.

Supporting Arguments

As many as needed to develop your thesis and meet your word count.

  • Topic Sentence
  • Signal Phrase
  • Quotation or Paraphrase
  • Explanation

Alternative/Opposing Arguments

As needed to develop your thesis

  • Topic Sentence: Assertion about your thesis from an alternative perspective
  • Analysis and refutation (if needed) of the alternative reasoning
  • Synthesis paragraphs reflect on the relationship between the supporting and alternative arguments and consider the possibilities for reaching common ground on the issue
  • Reiterate your main idea and summarize how you arrived at your thesis
  • Consider the broader implication and/or limitations of your reasoning and evidence
  • Circle the reader back to your opening sentences to bring them full circle
  • Citation styles vary by academic discipline and instructor preference. Humanities scholars generally use MLA, social science and science scholars generally use APA, and styles like Chicago and Harvard are used in a variety of academic disciplines

Writing as Inquiry Copyright © 2021 by Kara Clevinger and Stephen Rust is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Types of Outlines and Samples

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Alphanumeric Outlines

This is the most common type of outline and usually instantly recognizable to most people. The formatting follows these characters, in this order:

  • Roman Numerals
  • Capitalized Letters
  • Arabic Numerals
  • Lowercase Letters

If the outline needs to subdivide beyond these divisions, use Arabic numerals inside parentheses and then lowercase letters inside parentheses. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.

The sample PDF in the Media Box above is an example of an outline that a student might create before writing an essay. In order to organize her thoughts and make sure that she has not forgotten any key points that she wants to address, she creates the outline as a framework for her essay.

What is the assignment?

Your instructor asks the class to write an expository (explanatory) essay on the typical steps a high school student would follow in order to apply to college.

What is the purpose of this essay?

To explain the process for applying to college

Who is the intended audience for this essay?

High school students intending to apply to college and their parents

What is the essay's thesis statement?

When applying to college, a student follows a certain process which includes choosing the right schools and preparing the application materials.

Full Sentence Outlines

The full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the Alphanumeric outline. The main difference (as the title suggests) is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline. This outline is most often used when preparing a traditional essay. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.

Decimal Outlines

The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline. The added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline relates to the larger whole. Select the "Sample Outlines" PDF in the Media Box above to download the sample of this outline.

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How to outline the academic paper

  • How to outline the academic…

outlining is used for academic papers only

How to draft an outline

Let us revisit the analogy of the house here.  The basic elements for a house-like structure to stand strong and hold its own weight are: 1- A foundation 2- Supporting columns 3- Walls and roof

In a way, an academic paper has a very similar structure to that of a house.  A strong essay must have:

1- A foundation: Thesis 2- Supporting columns: Main ideas 3- Walls and roof: Supporting details

A well-developed paper must have a strong foundation (thesis).  Begin the outlining process by establishing a clear and precise thesis statement that will serve as the base or under-structure of your paper.  Write down your thesis statement.

Ex : Thesis Statement: Franz Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” suggests that stress, family dynamics and social isolation are factors that contributed to Gregor’s dehumanization even before his transformation into an insect.

Now that we have a clear and specific thesis, the next step is to identify how we are going to support it. For a typical 500-800 word academic essay, we need at least 3 supporting paragraphs.  Each of these paragraphs will consist of ONE main idea that directly supports our pre-established thesis.  The main idea is often referred to as the topic sentence and is generally the first sentence in the paragraph.

Ex: Main idea 1: Gregor’s family obligations pressure him to push aside his personal needs as a young man and work under a stressful conditions.

Supporting Details

Each main idea must be developed further using valid arguments and examples in order to clarify your points to the reader. Supporting details include examples, anecdotes, explanations, facts, statistics, quotes, figures, testimonials.

outlining is used for academic papers only

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  • Dec 20, 2022

The Different Types of Outlining

Outlining is a crucial part of the writing and research process, helping writers organize their ideas and structure their work in a logical and coherent manner. Whether you are a student working on a school project or a researcher writing a paper, creating an outline can be a valuable tool for ensuring that your work is well-organized and clearly presented. An outline can be thought of a writing center or skeleton for your paper or book.

Typewriter Book Outline

Writing a paper or essay can be a daunting task, especially if you have a lot of information to organize and present. Outlines can be a helpful tool for breaking down the writing process into manageable steps and for organizing the information you have gathered.

There are several different approaches to outlining that you can use depending on your needs and preferences. Traditional outlines, such as topic and sentence outlines, use a hierarchical structure with Roman numerals and letters to organize ideas by level of importance. This type of format is often used in academic writing and can be especially useful for long or complex papers.

Faculty members and other instructors may require students to use a specific type of outline when writing papers or completing other assignments. It is important to follow any guidelines provided by your instructor and to make sure that your outline is well-organized and clearly presented.

Outlines can also be a helpful tool for writers who are struggling to get started on a paper or who are having trouble organizing their ideas. By breaking down the writing process into smaller, more manageable steps, outlines can help writers overcome writer's block and improve the overall structure and coherence of their work.

It can be very helpful to outline your work, even if you're just beginning. Not only does it allow you to organize your work, but it can also help you get a clearer picture of your plot or paper and the general direction you want to go in.

In this article, we will explore the different types of outlining and how they can be used effectively for various writing and research projects. Outlining is also a powerful technical for high level project planning. At the end we'll also touch on an outliner software app that can be used to create and share outlines.

What is Outlining?

Outlining in the context of writing a novel or book is a method used to organize the story plot, characters and setting. This is a useful tool in many areas of writing, from nonfiction to fiction. An outline allows you to create a logical order and establish an appealing flow.

If you are writing a book, a good outline should include a few key elements, including a topic sentence, a list of scenes, a list of characters, a plot summary, and research notes. You should also leave room for scene purpose questions, which will reveal how you will use your characters and settings in the story.

If you are writing research paper then before you begin writing you should think about the assertion or conclusion you are working towards and structure your thinking and writing in an appropriate way to convey your case. The main objective is to summarize the most important points, citing relevant sources or quotes to back up your claims. You will likely have many sections.

An outline can be formal or informal. Some writers prefer to work free form, while others are better off with a more structured method. Most word-processing applications are equipped with an outlining feature which can also work as bullet points or in number format.

Types of Outline

There are several types of outlines, and each one has its advantages and disadvantages. The outlining process is a valuable pre-writing tool, but a poorly constructed outline can hinder the development of your story, paper or project.

The main goal of an outline is to present the most important elements of your subject. Before you begin outlining you might select different formats that help you organize your thoughts.

Topic outlines

A topic outline is a type of outline that organizes ideas by topic, rather than by order of importance or chronology. It is a useful tool for organizing research and writing projects that cover a wide range of topics. A topic outline allows writers to see the relationships between different ideas and can help them determine what information is relevant and what can be left out, and which are supporting ideas to the main ideas and major points.

Sentence outlines

A sentence outline is a type of outline that consists of full sentences rather than just topic headings. This type of outline allows writers to see the relationships between different ideas more clearly and can be especially useful for longer or more complex projects. A sentence outline also helps writers ensure that their ideas are fully developed and that all of the necessary information is included.

Concept maps

A concept map is a visual representation of the relationships between different ideas or concepts. It is often used in conjunction with other types of outlining to help writers see the connections between different ideas and to identify gaps in their research or writing. Concept maps can be especially useful for projects that involve a large amount of information or that cover a wide range of topics.

A mind map is a visual representation of ideas and concepts that is organized around a central theme or idea. It is often used as a brainstorming tool to help writers generate ideas and to see the connections between different concepts. Mind maps can be especially useful for projects that involve a lot of creative thinking or for writers who prefer a more visual approach to organizing their ideas.

Outlining an Essay or Research Paper

Outlining an essay is a useful prewriting tool that helps writers organize ideas, keep their arguments focused on a single point, and determine the best appeals to make. It is an important step in writing a paper, and many professors will make it mandatory. But when you write an essay, you don't just need to outline; you also need to have a good thesis statement, evidence, and supporting details.

When you outline your essay, you'll want to include the main point, or thesis statement, along with an introduction paragraph and a conclusion. The thesis statement should be a clear and concise statement of your primary argument, or point.

Another reason to include an outline is to help you keep track of what you've written. Having a template will keep your ideas organized, and will make it easy to revise and re-order your ideas.

An outline can also be helpful in making the process of writing an essay less daunting. For instance, it can remind you to make a transition between different points. This can be especially helpful for longer essays.

While outlining an essay, you may want to include subheadings and headings. Headings represent the major ideas, while subheadings provide details that support those ideas. Using an outline can help you create a logical flow from point to point in your essay.

In terms of size, an outline can be anything from five to ten paragraphs. You may also wish to include an introduction, body, and conclusion.

Outlining your Speech

Regardless of what kind of speech you are giving, a good outline can be a valuable tool. It can help you visualize the subject matter of your speech and organize the information you want to discuss. Using an outline can also guide you through the speech.

An outline should contain main points and sub-points. In the final draft, the sub-points should be connected to the main point. The speaker should revise the outline several times before delivering it.

A good presentation outline includes an Opening, Main Content, and Conclusion. This helps you structure your material and provides a sense of overall flow.

Another type of outline is a skeletal outline, which is used to prepare a speech. During the preparation of a speech, a writer should focus on finalizing the purpose of the speech and deciding where supporting material should be placed.

When planning a speech, it is important to determine what is most interesting to the audience. Then, you should research the topic and identify major facets. After you have a list of ideas, write down the key phrases, definitions, stories, or analogies that relate to the topic.

Outlining a Novel or Book

Outlining a novel or book is a crucial part of the writing process. It can be easy to get stuck without an outline. A good outline will help you organize your thoughts before you begin.

An outline can be written on paper or in the form of a visual mind map. Creating an outline is a great way to plan your storyline and character development.

A good book outline should include all of the main points of your story, as well as chapter summaries and character breakdowns. This way, you can see the big picture and sell your book to readers.

As you write, your outline will change. You can cut unimportant points or add new ones. In addition, you can plug in contents or make adjustments to your template. Once you have an outline, you'll have a solid foundation to work from. The outline will help you find gaps in logic or story. It will also help you avoid gaps in your plot.

One of the best ways to do this is to ask yourself questions on the page. You can use similar books as ideas, or you can ask yourself questions about unique angles.

Another great technique is to start by thinking of a premise. This premise is what will hook your potential readers, and it should answer the questions that a potential editor or agent might have.

Outlining a Project

In the realm of planning and scheduling, the project outline is your ticket to success. It allows you to map out your tasks and visualize the distribution of effort. And if you're a project manager, this can help you nudge team members towards their responsibilities. Using a Gantt chart can also help.

Of course, your project may vary in size and scope. Depending on the complexity of the project, it may not make sense to create an elaborate outline if the project is small. Fortunately, there are tools like NoteDex to make the task a breeze. This software makes it easy to outline project phases, stages and tasks right onto notecards, so you can spend less time managing your projects and more time making them happen.

The best part about simple tools like NoteDex is that you can easily add to or remove cards as you go, so you can keep your project plan up to date.

Outlining an essay, book, research paper or project can be a good idea. It allows you to get a clear picture of the ideas you want to include and helps you organize them into a coherent piece.

There are many different types of outlining. Some examples include the editorialization, which uses anecdotes and commentary to make a point. You can also use a call to action, which helps your readers know what to do with what you have written.

When outlining a paper, start with the introduction. The opening paragraph should be a short, eye-catching one that summarizes the topic and gets your reader's attention. Your next step is the body. Each body paragraph should list the key points of your paper. Be sure to include a thesis statement. The conclusion should tie together the ideas in your paper. For instance, you could describe how a research study helped fill a gap in the literature. In the same vein, you could describe how the study helped people understand the importance of the concept.

In a narrative essay, your conclusion should wrap up the story. Make sure to include some lessons learned and takeaways. Also, consider linking the conclusion to the introductory paragraph. This will create a full circle narration for your readers.

Lastly, don't forget to include a call to action in your conclusion. Including a call to action in your conclusion makes your work seem more genuine and gives the reader something to engage in next.

If you are interested in using an app to outline your thoughts try NoteDex - you can create 'index card' style short notecards that allow you to build out and organize your structure and thoughts.

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Home » Blog » Writing & Translation » Outlining In Academic Writing | Benefits and Useful Tips for College Students

Outlining In Academic Writing | Benefits and Useful Tips for College Students

College students soon understand that effective writing is a learned skill that requires much practice and takes place in multiple steps. Of the several stages involved in creating exceptional essays, outlining is one of the most ignored. However, experts indicate that an outline saves you time and ensures a focused and organized paper.

Here, an outline means a formal system used for developing a framework for thinking about the organization and eventual contents of your paper. It allows you to predict the overall flow and structure of your document. Here is more on why you need to dedicate time to outlining and how to generate effective outlines.

Table of Contents

Why Is Outlining Important in Academic Writing?

College-level writing will require you to come up with sophisticated, complex, and often very creative ways of structuring your ideas. By taking the time to create an outline, you can determine whether your ideas are interlinked and those that work best. It also allows you to see the organization of your points that will work best towards proving your thesis. Here are some reasons why outlines are important.

It Provides Structure

One of the main reasons why you need to spend time outlining before you write your essay is that it allows you to structure your paper for coherence. A good outline will help you stay organized and focused for the entirety of the writing process of writing your paper. That said, you need to only see your outline as a guide for the writing process. This means that the outline is flexible and may change as you encounter more evidence and continue with your research. As such, as you review the literature and gather evidence for your paper, the organization of your paper may change and you may need to adjust your outline accordingly.

In terms of structure, your outline will generally contain three major parts, including an introduction, body, and conclusion sections. The body paragraphs may be organized into sections and subsections depending on your topic, assignment type, and wordcount.

Make sure to have an intro that captures the attention of your audience and sets the tone for the rest of the discussion. In the conclusion, present a sense of closure by restating your thesis and summarizing the goal of your assignment. Don’t introduce any new ideas or evidence in your writing. Platforms that offer WriteMyEssays assistance have practical examples of how to create outlines.

It Brings Focus

Another benefit of creating an outline when working on an academic paper is that it brings focus to your writing. Often, students get distracted or excited during the writing process and veer into irrelevant issues or discussions. An outline serves as your checklist, ensuring that you don’t go off from your target. All the points in the outline will be related to your thesis and will work towards building your central argument. This means that you won’t waste time discussing irrelevancies.

It Allows Effective Feedback

Another benefit of having an outline when writing academic papers is that it allows students to seek and get useful feedback on their writing. When used for longer projects like dissertations and term papers, outlines can be used to provide feedback on your ideas. This can be done before you start working on your draft or as you continue gathering evidence and creating your draft. Getting feedback using your outline ensures you stay on track and saves you from numerous rewrites. It also makes sense to create an outline if it is a part of the requirements for completing your project.

It Helps Prevent Writer’s Block

Seasoned writers know that an outline is a useful tool for brainstorming and generating ideas for any project. It highlights your main points and shows you where you are headed. With an outline, you won’t have to stop after each paragraph to figure out the next idea. Also, having a clear and detailed outline will ensure that you always have something to assist you in recalibrating your writing any time you feel yourself going into unrelated issues. It will allow you to set boundaries and stay motivated.

Tips for Outlining in Academic Writing

Creating an outline is a simple task that will save you time and ensure you have covered the main areas of your topic. There are two general approaches you can take when working on your outline. There is the topic outline, where the writer creates short phrases to signify ideas. A topic outline is ideal when handling multiple issues that could be organized in different ways. Alternatively, you could use the sentence outline, where the ideas or points and presented in full sentences. The sentence approach is ideal when writing a paper with considerable detail. Here are more outlining tips:

Start with a Thesis Statement

Before you can create an outline, you need to figure out the main message to be communicated in the paper. A clear thesis statement summarizes your main ideas and shows the reader what to expect from the rest of your work. You will start with a working thesis, which may change as you encounter more evidence and examples on the subject.

You cannot create an outline if you don’t understand the research problem to be addressed. The research problem will be the main point from which the rest of your points flow. This means summing up your main point or argument into one phrase or sentence. The research problem will also come in handy when deciding what to use as the topic for your paper.

Identify Your Main categories

Once you have created your thesis statement, you need to identify points that will help you develop the thesis . This means finding the main points that you will analyze or defend in the body of your paper. All your main points will be described in the introduction of your paper. Brainstorm these points and use the rest of the paper to develop them. After that, choose an order in which you want to present your main points.

Generate Your Subcategories

Once you have followed all the required steps, you will need to create points that will offer support to your main points. Understand that you can have multiple subcategories for each main point depending on the amount of information you wish to cover in your writing. When you have developed the basic outline, consider organizing the content to reflect a standard research paper.

There is no strict rule on the best approach to use when creating an outline for an academic paper. Students can choose between topic and sentence outlines. Leave room for flexibility as the structure of your paper may change as you encounter more evidence on the subject.

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University of Pavia Scholarships 2023-2024 | Study in Italy

University of Pavia Scholarships 2023-2024 | Study in Italy

Looking to Study in Italy on Scholarship. & did not find the right Italian scholarship for yourself? The University of Pavia offers domestic and international Scholarships for Study in Italy under different, University and  Italian Government Scholarships 2023-2024 programs. The University of Pavia Scholarships is a Partial and Fully Funded Scholarship program in Europe that is available for International students to pursue different Undergraduate, Masters, and Ph.D. Degree programs. There are also Traineeships and Jobs available for Students. It's a great opportunity to Free study in Italy. In this article, we will discuss about University of Pavia Scholarships, degree programs, eligibility, benefits & deadline, etc.

Read - Best Scholarships without IELTS

About the University of Pavia, Italy

The University of Pavia is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy.  According to the Times Higher Education, World Universities Ranking 2023-2024, the University of Pavia, is Ranked #11th in Italy, #192 in Europe ranking as well as 351-400 World ranking.

The University of Pavia is one of the world’s oldest academic institutions, with its foundations existing as early as the 9th Century.  There was evidence of teaching as early as 1361, making it one of the oldest universities in the world. It was the sole university in Milan and the greater Lombardy region until the end of the 19th century.

The University of Pavia is offering Short Courses, Language Courses, as well as 50+ Undergraduate, Masters, and Ph.D. Degree programs for Study in Italy on Different Scholarships programs. They also offer traineeships, jobs, and internships, during the academic career and after students have completed their courses.

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About University of Pavia Scholarships

The University of Pavia is famous for One of the keywords that are "internationalization". This is one of the core concepts of the University of Pavia, with an increasing presence in the international higher education arena. There are more than 400 international agreements with top-class world universities all over the world, and it actively promotes its research collaboration with the world’s most prestigious academic institutions.

In this matter, every year the University of Pavia offers a large no of domestic and international scholarship programs that are offered by the University of Pavia, Individual Research Organizations, and the Italian Government. These domestic and International Scholarship programs are available for Undergraduate, Masters, and Ph.D. Degree Programs.

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Host Country: Study in Italy

Host University: University of Pavia, Italy

Scholarships Offered By: University of Pavia, and Italian Government Funded Scholarships

Scholarships Coverage: Funded and Fully Funded

Degree Level: Undergraduate, Masters & Ph.D. Degree Programs in different fields.

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What are the Benefits of University of Pavia Scholarships in Italy?

It is a great opportunity to Free Study in Italy , there are multiple domestic and International Scholarships Programs at the University of Pavia . The scholarship has the following benefits as given below:

#1 Tuition Fee Waivers Scholarships

Benefits: The University of Pavia is offering International Scholarships in order to strengthen the global community, the University of Pavia is offering about 150 tuition fee waivers scholarships that provide an exemption from the payment of University tuition fees to international students.

#2 EDiSU Scholarships

Benefits: The University of Pavia is offering EDiSU Scholarships to the students, the benefits are given below -

  •     Free Accommodation at University Hostels
  •     One free meal per day at the Canteens of the University of Pavia.
  •     Financial support is also provided according to the student’s economic situation.

#3 Subject-Specific Scholarships

Benefits: There are different benefits are available for the Subject Specific Scholarships according to the financial situation of the students.

#4 Invest your Talent in Italy Scholarships

Benefits: The  Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Italian Government's "Invest your Talent in Italy" program offers international scholarships to different countries. This Italian Government scholarship provides full or partial fee scholarships to International Students.

#5 Italian Government Scholarships | Study in Italy scholarship

Benefits: The Ministery of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italian Governments offers domestic and international scholarship programs in favor of international students not residing in Italy and Italian citizens living abroad to pursue study, training, or different research degree programs at Italian Higher Education Institutes.

#6 Financial support for mobility experiences

Benefits: The University of Pavia of Italy also offers part-time jobs opportunities to domestic and international students, in order to help finance their education. These opportunities provide supports to UNIPV’s students and staff.

#7 Part - time Jobs for Students

Benefits: There are hundreds of opportunities offered by the University of Pavia, as they are offering a great opportunity, the students can spend a study or traineeship (from 2 to 12 months) in worldwide countries during their academic career. The University of Pavia supports those students with a monthly scholarship. The amount of the international scholarship is different for every mobility program.

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What Degree Programs for University of Pavia Scholarships?

There is a list of Multiple Degree level programs offered by the University of Pavia as given below.

  •     Bachelors Degree Programs - HERE
  •     Masters Degree Programs - HERE
  •     Ph.D. Degree Programs - HERE

What is the Eligibility Criteria for the University of Pavia Scholarships?

Applicants must fulfill the following eligibility criteria to avail of this University of Pavia Scholarships in Italy.

  • Students from all over the world are eligible to apply.
  • Applicants with High School Degree are eligible to apply for Undergraduate courses.
  • Applicants with Undergraduate Degree are eligible to apply for Masters courses.
  • Applicants with Masters Degree are eligible to apply for Ph.D. Course.
  • Applicant must have an outstanding educational record to apply at the University of Pavia.
  • Applicant must have a strong command of the English language, both in spoken and written form.
  • Applicants must fulfill the requirements of IELTS/TOFEL according to the degree requirements.
  • Applicants must complete the application form for the University of Pavia completely and correctly.

For more information about eligibility criteria, visit the official website.

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What documents are required to apply for University of Pavia Scholarships?

  • Academic record ( Degrees and Transcripts)
  • Letter of motivation
  • Recommendation Letters
  • English proficiency evidence (IELTS / TOEFL)
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What is the Application Deadline for University of Pavia Scholarships 2023?

There are multiple degree programs and scholarship programs with different deadlines. Kindly visit the degree program and scholarship for which you want to apply.

How to Apply for University of Pavia, Italy Scholarships?

Students have to apply online at the University of Pavia, Italy Please visit the official website of the University of Pavia for admission and scholarship application

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  • Information for PhD students

Frequently Asked Questions

Who can apply for a phd position.

Anyone who owns an Italian or foreign second-level academic degree (generally equivalent to a master’s degree) or is going to obtain it by the deadline specified in the call for applications can apply for a PhD position at the University of Pavia. Candidates who hold a foreign degree will have to send some additional documents to allow the Academic Board to evaluate the equivalence of their degree to an Italian second-level degree. The documents required for this purpose are listed in the call for applications.

When and how can I apply for a PhD position?

At the University of Pavia, the PhD students are selected once a year by means of a public contest. The call for applications is published usually in late springtime at http://phd.unipv.it/call-for-applications/ . There you will find all information you may need to apply. Please note that applications submitted before the publication of the call or without completing the correct procedure described in it won’t be accepted.

Is there any chance for a foreign candidate to get a PhD scholarship?

To qualify for a PhD scholarship, you must meet the general requirements set by the University PhD program grant authorities and these are the same for Italian as well as foreign candidates. For foreign candidates, there are specific requirements that may include conditions with regard to their degree which are clearly spelled in the call for applications. Qualifying for a PhD scholarship at the University of Pavia is on a competitive basis and eligibility is conditioned only by the candidates complying with the specific scientific requirements set by an ad hoc committee, regardless of their nationality and gender.

What is the amount of the participation fee?

The amount of the participation fee for the academic year 2021/2022 is € 156.00. This amount includes:

  • Regional tax for the right to study: € 140
  • Duty stamp: € 16,00.

Please note that in the next years the amount of the enrollment fee may change due to a decision of the Administrative Council.

What is the duration of a PhD program?

The legal duration of a PhD program is three years. The academic year for PhDs begins on October 1st and ends on September 30.

Are the PhD activities held in English?

Most of our PhD courses can be attended by non-Italian speakers. For more information, please contact the Coordinator of the PhD of your interest.

I am a PhD student and I’m going to spend a research period abroad. What am I supposed to do?

All PhD students, with or without scholarship, who intend to spend a research period abroad must be authorized by the Academic Board. Anyway, you can not spend more than 18 months (non consecutive) abroad during the PhD program.

As a PhD student, is there anything I am not allowed to do?

According with the Italian law, if you are enrolled in a PhD course you are not allowed to enrol in another University course at the same time, neither in Italy nor abroad, except in case of joint supervision (cotutelle) agreements. Also, the PhD program is not compatible with a full-time job. If you wish to accept an occasional job, you must be authorized by the Academic Board.

In which cases do I need to ask for an authorization from the PhD Academic Board?

All PhD students must take care of being authorized for  all PhD activities  which take place outside the structures of the University of Pavia,  in   Italy or abroad.  This is very important: should you be hurt or cause damage to somebody during a non-authorized activity outside the University, the insurance may not accept to refund the damage. So, if you are planning to perform your research in structures other the University’s, contact the PhD Director and ask him/her to include your request in the next Academic Board meeting. The PhD Director will then take care of forwarding the Academic board’s report to the PhD office. In addition, you must ask for the Academic Board authorization if you are willing to accept a job, to suspend the course or the scholarship, to teach a course, to start a  jointly-supervised PhD (cotutelle).

I want to suspend the program/the scholarship. What am I supposed to do?

You can ask for a suspension of the program for periods up to one year, upon approval of the Academic Board. During the suspension period, you don’t receive the scholarship instalments and you are not subject to the duties of a PhD student. You will have to catch up the suspension period and the scholarship instalments at the end of the 3rd year. In order to ask for a suspension, you must get in touch with your PhD Director and ask him/her to submit your suspension request to the Academic Board; in addition, you have to send a written request to the PhD office (see http://phd.unipv.it/forms/ ). You can also ask for a suspension of the PhD scholarship only, while going on with the PhD program, in case of possible fundings other than the scholarship. Also in this case, you must ask for the Academic Board approval and submit the appropriate form to the PhD office.

What if I get pregnant during the PhD program?

In case you get pregnant during the PhD program, you must submit to the PhD office ( [email protected] ) a certificate of your gynaecologist stating the expected birth date. You will have to take a 5-months mandatory leave: 2 months before the delivery + 3 after, or 1 before the delivery + 4 after (but in the latter case your occupational doctor must give a written favourable reception). Also the scholarship (if you have it) will be suspended during the maternity leave. The maternity leave period will be recovered at the end of the third year, together with the possible scholarship instalments. If you wish, you can extend your maternity leave up to a maximum of one year, included the mandatory 5 months.

I am a PhD student and I need the bus card. What am I supposed to do?

Check the Autoguidovie website and see which documents are required in order to obtain the bus card: http://pavia.autoguidovie.it/it/unipass 

As a PhD student, how many vacation days do I have?

PhD students don’t have a strict work schedule; their timetable and vacations are agreed with their supervisors, according with the Department days closed.

I am a PhD student and I need the canteen card. What am I sup posed to do?

PhD students can ask for the canteen card through the procedure available at http://www.edisu.pv.it/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=739&cntnt01origid=538&cntnt01returnid=718 .

I am a non-EU PhD student and I need assistance for my permit of stay. Who can help me?

A helpdesk for international students is available to assist extra-EU students in the gathering of the necessary paperwork for the permit of stay ( permesso di soggiorno ). The helpdesk is located in the Questura (Via Rismondo n. 68) and is open on Tuesday and Thursday from 9.00 to 13.00.

When am I going to receive my PhD diploma?

The official diploma is delivered by the Rector during the annual PhD ceremony which takes place usually at the beginning of December, but, if you need the diploma in advance for some specific reason (to have it legalized, for instance), you can ask the PhD office if it’s possible to speed up the procedure. The PhD office is able to certify the PhD attainment a few days after the final exam.

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Italy 2023–24 University of Pavia Scholarships

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Financial aid in the form of scholarships is made available to overseas students with academic distinction and financial need by the University of Pavia Scholarships in Italy 2023–24.

The University of Pavia Scholarships in Italy for 2023–2024 are now accepting applications. Numerous scholarships are available to international students, notably those from developing nations, at the University of Pavia in Italy. These scholarships pay for living expenses, housing costs, and tuition. Some of the awards are expressly intended for college students from specified places or majors. Candidates must meet specific academic and linguistic standards, as well as submit a comprehensive application by the deadline, in order to be considered. The University of Pavia also provides advice and assistance to students interested in submitting a scholarship application.

The Pavia University’s description

In the Italian city of Pavia, there is a public research university called the University of Pavia. One of the earliest universities in Europe was created in 1361. Numerous faculties of the university, including those for medicine, engineering, the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences, offer a broad range of academic programs. It draws students and academics from all around the world because to its excellent reputation abroad. The university is renowned for its research endeavours, especially in the fields of astrophysics, physics, and biotechnology. Additionally, it collaborates with universities and research institutions across a wide range of nations and is a part of numerous worldwide academic networks.

University of Pavia Scholarships Summary

  • Scholarship Country:   Italy
  • Host Institute:  University of Pavia
  • Course Level:  Undergraduate, Master’s, and Ph.D. Degrees
  • Financial Coverage:  Fully Funded
  • Who is Eligible?  International Students
  • Deadline Date:  Varies

Types of Scholarships

The University of Pavia in Italy offers several scholarships for international students, including:

  • “Invest in Your Talent in Italy” Scholarship: This scholarship is accessible to international students who want to enroll in the University of Pavia’s two-year master’s program. It includes housing, a living stipend, and tuition costs for the duration of the program.
  • International students who desire to enroll in a degree program at the University of Pavia may apply for the “UniPV International” Scholarship. It pays for one academic year’s worth of housing and tuition.
  • The University of Pavia offers the “CICOPS Scholarship” to researchers from developing nations who want to work with them on research projects in the area of development studies. It pays for lodging, travel costs, and a living stipend throughout the cooperation.
  • For students from the European Union (EU) who want to enroll in one or more semesters of study at the University of Pavia, there is the “Erasmus+” Scholarship. For the course of the program, it pays for living expenses and tuition.
  • Other Scholarships: The University of Pavia also provides a variety of other scholarships for international students, including scholarships for students from particular nations or areas, as well as scholarships for students studying in particular academic fields, such medicine, engineering, and the natural sciences.

Study Fields offered by the University of Pavia

The University of Pavia in Italy offers a wide range of study fields across multiple faculties, including:

  • Undergraduate and graduate studies in medicine, dentistry, and biomedical laboratory techniques are offered by the faculty of medicine and surgery.
  • Faculty of Engineering: This faculty offers undergraduate and graduate programs in engineering, including civil, industrial, and environmental engineering.
  • History, philosophy, ancient studies, and modern languages are only a few of the humanities courses offered at the faculty of humanities’ undergraduate and graduate levels.
  • Faculty of Law: This faculty offers undergraduate and graduate programs in law and political sciences.
  • Faculty of Economics and Management: This faculty offers undergraduate and graduate programs in economics, management, and quantitative finance.
  • Faculty of Science: This department offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in biology, physics, mathematics, and chemistry, among other natural sciences.
  • Pharmacy Faculty: This department offers both undergraduate and graduate pharmacy programs.

Eligibility Criteria

According to the particular scholarship scheme, different individuals may be eligible for different University of Pavia scholarships. However, the following general eligibility requirements are frequently needed:

  • Academic Achievement: Applicants must have a strong academic record, typically with a minimum GPA requirement.
  • Nationality: Some scholarships may be limited to students from specific countries or regions.
  • Language Proficiency: Candidates may be asked to provide proof of their language skills in order to be considered, such as English or Italian.
  • Admission: Applicants must have submitted an application for admission to the University of Pavia’s degree program or be currently enrolled in one.
  • Financial Need: The applicant’s financial need and capacity to pay for their expenditures may be taken into account for some scholarships.
  • Specific Requirements: Depending on the applicant’s field of study, research interests, or other considerations, certain scholarships may have very specific eligibility requirements.

Required Documents

The required documents for the University of Pavia scholarships depend on the specific scholarship program. However, here are some common documents that may be required:

  • Transcript of Records: Applicants are required to submit a copy of their transcripts, which list their course enrollments and grades.
  • Language Test Results or Certificates as Proof of Language competency: Applicants may be asked to submit proof of their language competency in the language of teaching, such as English or Italian.
  • CV or resume: Applicants may be required to provide a thorough CV or resume outlining their academic successes, professional experiences, and extracurricular pursuits.
  • Letter(s) of Recommendation: Candidates may be required to provide one or more letters of support from instructors, professors, or employers who can attest to their abilities both academically and personally.
  • Essay or Personal Statement: Applicants may be required to submit an essay or personal statement outlining their reasons for applying for the award as well as their academic and professional aspirations.
  • Passport or National ID: As evidence of identification and nationality, applicants must submit a copy of their passport or national ID.
  • Other Supporting Documents: Additional supporting documents, such as research proposals, achievement certificates. Financial statements, may be required for some grants.

Application Deadline

Each program’s deadline for overseas students to apply for University of Pavia Scholarships in Italy for 2023–2024 varies. Students must verify the deadlines on the university’s official website, which is listed below.

How To Apply

The application process for University of Pavia scholarships varies depending on the specific scholarship program. However. Here are some general steps you can follow:

  • Research fellowships available: In order to find scholarships that fit your qualifications and interests. Check out the University of Pavia’s scholarship page or other scholarship directories.
  • Make sure you have enough time to prepare and submit your application before the deadline by checking the application deadlines for each scholarship.
  • Gather the necessary paperwork: Gather all of the necessary paperwork, such as transcripts, language proficiency certificates. Letters of recommendation, personal essays or statements, and other proofs of support.
  • Create a portal or account: Some scholarship programs need that applicants do so in order to submit their application materials.
  • Fill out the application: Fill out the application thoroughly and truthfully. Including details about your identity, educational background, and financial condition.
  • Sending in your application Before the deadline, submit your application by uploading all the needed paperwork.
  • Observe up on your submission: Regularly check your email for announcements and updates from the scholarship committee. If you’re chosen for an interview or more paperwork is needed, answer quickly and politely. .

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University of pavia.

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University of Pavia

Strada nuova, venice, metropolitan city of venice, italy.

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University of Pavia scholarships for international students, 2023-24

International scholarships, fellowships or grants are offered to students outside the country where the university is located. These are also called as financial aid and many times the financial aid office of the University of Pavia deals with it. University of Pavia scholarships are offered by University of Pavia to study or research there.

There are various University of Pavia scholarships , internships for international students. Apart from the university-based scholarships, there are many other organizations including foundations, trusts, corporates etc. Who offer scholarships for international students. To help, we list out the latest international scholarships, fellowships and grants information. The University of Pavia scholarships application form is also available to apply online for the scholarships.

Quick links for University of Pavia scholarships:

  • University of Pavia Bachelors scholarships (also known as University of Pavia undergraduate scholarships)
  • University of Pavia Masters scholarships
  • University of Pavia PhD scholarships

As you see, these University of Pavia scholarships can be taken for various degree levels. Explore University of Pavia courses/ degree programs offered for University of Pavia bachelors courses (also known as University of Pavia undergraduate courses), University of Pavia Masters courses and even for University of Pavia PhD courses or research programs.

Apply for University of Pavia education loan

Send your application documents to University of Pavia using the DHL student offer

Discuss University of Pavia scholarships with the global student community

Apply to USA scholarships for International students

Below is the list of top 10 University of Pavia scholarships for International students:

  • Education Future International Scholarship - USA & Non-USA 2023

Education Future International Scholarship - USA & Non-USA 2023 is a Partial Funding international scholarship offered by the Education Future for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to Indian nationals

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in All courses offered by the universities. Deadline varies is the deadline to send applications for Education Future International Scholarship - USA & Non-USA 2023. The value of the scholarship is INR 2 lakhs to INR 10 lakhs. This scholarship can be taken at All universities across the world except India . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by Education Future.

  • Bayer Science & Education Foundation - International Fellowships, 2024

Bayer Science & Education Foundation - International Fellowships, 2024 is a Partial Funding international scholarship offered by the The Bayer foundation for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to all nationals

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in Biology, Molecular biology, Biotechnology, Bioengineering, Bioinformatics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmaceutics and drug discovery. Deadline varies is the deadline to send applications for Bayer Science & Education Foundation - International Fellowships, 2024. The value of the scholarship is varies. This scholarship can be taken at Institutions in Germany and abroad . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by The Bayer foundation.

  • Merit Based Scholarships at Polytechnic University of Milan 2024

Merit Based Scholarships at Polytechnic University of Milan 2024 is a Full Funding international scholarship offered by the Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano) for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to all nationals except Italy

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in Sciences. Deadline varies is the deadline to send applications for Merit Based Scholarships at Polytechnic University of Milan 2024. The value of the scholarship is Tuition fee+ allowance . This scholarship can be taken at Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano) , . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano).

  • National overseas scholarship 2022

National overseas scholarship 2022 is a Partial Funding international scholarship offered by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to nationals of India

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in All the subjects offered at the university. Deadline varies is the deadline to send applications for National overseas scholarship 2022. The value of the scholarship is Up to 17000 USD. This scholarship can be taken at The course can be taken in any of the top 500 universities in QS ranking . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

  • ICTP Medical Physics Scholarships 2024

ICTP Medical Physics Scholarships 2024 is a Full Funding international scholarship offered by the The Abus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to students from developing countries

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in Medical Physics. Deadline varies is the deadline to send applications for ICTP Medical Physics Scholarships 2024. The value of the scholarship is full or partial scholarships . This scholarship can be taken at The Abus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) , . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by The Abus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).

  • Policy Leaders Fellowships 2024

Policy Leaders Fellowships 2024 is a Full Funding international scholarship offered by the European University Institute (EUI) for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to all nationals

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in Policy Issues. 25 Jan is the deadline to send applications for Policy Leaders Fellowships 2024. The value of the scholarship is GBP 2,500 per month + other allowances. This scholarship can be taken at European University Institute (EUI) , . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by European University Institute (EUI).

  • Leakey Foundation Research Grants 2024

Leakey Foundation Research Grants 2024 is a Full Funding international scholarship offered by the The Leakey Foundation for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to all nationals

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in Research related specifically to Human Origins. 15 Jan is the deadline to send applications for Leakey Foundation Research Grants 2024. The value of the scholarship is up to USD 30,000. This scholarship can be taken at Any university or research institution in the World . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by The Leakey Foundation.

  • Karolinska Institutet Erasmus+ Traineeship 2023

Karolinska Institutet Erasmus+ Traineeship 2023 is a Partial Funding international scholarship offered by the Karolinska Institutet for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to EU and Norways, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Croatia and Turkey Nationals

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in All courses offered by the university. Always Open is the deadline to send applications for Karolinska Institutet Erasmus+ Traineeship 2023. The value of the scholarship is Information on the exact amount granted is given after acceptance into the programme.. This scholarship can be taken at . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by Karolinska Institutet.

  • The Leakey Foundation-Franklin Mosher Baldwin Memorial Fellowships, 2024

The Leakey Foundation-Franklin Mosher Baldwin Memorial Fellowships, 2024 is a Partial Funding international scholarship offered by the The Leakey Foundation for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to students from developing countries

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in Human origins or Evolution.. 01 Mar is the deadline to send applications for The Leakey Foundation-Franklin Mosher Baldwin Memorial Fellowships, 2024. The value of the scholarship is The maximum award is limited to $15,000 per year.. This scholarship can be taken at From any institution outside of the student's home country . The scholarship application form can be seen here

  • Erasmus Mundus Scholarships for International Students

Erasmus Mundus Scholarships for International Students is a Partial Funding international scholarship offered by the Erasmus Mundus for international students. Students eligible for this scholarship are: Open to all the applicants

This scholarship can be taken for pursuing in Subjects that are included in subjects list. 30 Jan is the deadline to send applications for Erasmus Mundus Scholarships for International Students . The value of the scholarship is Travel + Visa + A living allowance. This scholarship can be taken at Certain universities of European union . The scholarship application form can be seen here

Check out other international scholarships, fellowships and grants offered by Erasmus Mundus.

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University of Pavia Scholarships for international students 2023-24

List of university of pavia undergraduate scholarships 2023-24.

  • International Grants and Bursaries at Italy 2021

List of University of Pavia Master scholarships 2023-24

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University of Pavia Scholarships

University of Pavia Scholarships in Italy, 2022 Undergraduate/Postgraduate/Ph.D. – Fully Funded

The University of Pavia scholarships announced the big update! Pavia University, Italy offers Scholarship Degrees for Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Doctorate Degrees. Study in Italy in 2022 on Fully funded scholarships . Domestic and International students, both can apply. Italy Scholarships along with the Traineeships and job offers are available. Avail of this mega offer to study and work in Italy.

Study in Italy in one of the most internationalized universities in the world. The University of Pavia collaborates with various institutes worldwide to promote their researches. Also being the one that offers most student-friendly programs that help them excel while considering their finances, also allowing them to work.

Italy ’s oldest institute and of the world’s too provide exceptional chances of growth for both personally and academically. The University of Pavia dates back to 1361 (9 th century) making it one of the old foundations in the present world. Join this pioneer and brighten your future. Find more about Warwick Chancellor’s International Scholarships 2022- Study in UK .

Minutes of the Scholarship

  • Country: Italy
  • Offer: University of Pavia and Italian Government
  • Degree: Bachelor, Maters, PhD
  • Financial Coverage: Funded/Fully Funded

Advantages to Scholars

The numerous advantages are granted to the applicants for the University of Pavia, a few of which are mentioned.

Check out also, Study in Austria – IST International Scholarships 2022 Fully Funded

EDiSU Scholarships

Daily one free meal, free accommodation in the hostel of University and financial support to student (according to the economic situation of the student) is provided.

  • Tuition Fee Wavier Scholarships

With 150 tuition fee waivers, students can avail the opportunity to study for free in Italy.

  • Subject-Specific Scholarships

According to the financial situation of the students, a lot of financial benefits are given.

  • Invest your talent in Italy Scholarships

Full or Partial fee scholarships to international students by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

  • Financial Support for Mobility Experiences

The best offer so far allows the International/Domestic students and staff of the University to work part-time to independently meet their expenses.

  • Italian Government Scholarships

The study, Train, or Research at Italian Higher Education Institutes; offer is in favor of International students not residing in Italy by the Ministry of Foreign Education and the International Corporation of the Italian Government.

  • Part-Time Jobs for students

For students who spend or traineeship (2 to 12 months) in any country while studying, the University of Pavia offers them a monthly scholarship. The amount is different for every mobility program.

Do apply to STUDY IN AUSTRALIA- Deakin University Scholarships 2022- Fully Funded Scholarships

Course Options

The University of Pavia is offering a brilliant range of courses for the applicants to have multiple options.

  • For Bachelor’s Degree programs the candidate can visit the official notice .
  • For Master’s Degree programs the candidate can visit the official notice .
MASTER’S PROGRAMS
  • For PhD’s Degree programs the candidate can visit the official notice .

Criterion for Candidates

The eligibility criterion is to be met by the applicant to apply:

  • IELTS/TOEFL is required for application. Strong grip on both English writing and communicating is required.
  • Complete and correct application form is to be provided by the applicant.
  • A masterful academic record is a must for the applicant.
  • Candidates with high school Degree are eligible to apply for Bachelor’s Degree.
  • Applicants with Bachelor’s Degree are eligible to apply for Master’s Degree.
  • Candidates with Master’s Degree are eligible to apply for PhD Degree.
  • Students with any nationality are eligible for Pavia University (Domestic, International) Scholarship.

Also, check out for IT Sligo Scholarships 2022- INTERNATIONAL FULLY FUNDED SCHOLARSHIPS FOR NON-EU STUDENTS IN IRELAND

The candidate must provide the documents mentioned below to apply for the scholarship.

  • Updated Resume
  • IELTS/TOEFL (English proficiency certificate)
  • Academic Record (Degree and Transcripts)

Application Process for University of Pavia Scholarships

Apply online for the University of Pavia. Submit all the documents before the deadline of the selected course. Check the official notification for further details of the program.

OFFICIAL NOTICE

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How I Secured Undergraduate, Postgraduate Scholarships, Nile University First-Class Graduate Reveals

  • A first-class graduate from Nile University of Nigeria has explained how he secured scholarships for his undergraduate and postgraduate programmes
  • Jameswilliams Chiahukamnanya Gabriel said he scored over 300 in UTME and had six A's in his WASSCE
  • In an exclusive chat with Legit.ng, the best-graduating student in Economics said he was awarded a postgraduate scholarship on his convocation day

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Legit.ng journalist Adekunle Dada has over 5-year-experience covering basic and tertiary education in Nigeria and worldwide

FCT, Abuja - 21-year-old Jameswilliams Chiahukamnanya Gabriel has narrated how he secured a scholarship for his undergraduate and master’s degree programmes at Nile University, Abuja.

The first-class graduate of Economics disclosed that a Public Relations Officer from Nile University visited his secondary school when he learned about the scholarship and its requirements.

university of pavia phd scholarship

“I knew failure wasn’t an option”: OAU first-class graduate with 4.82 GPA narrates her success story

Nile University first-class graduate reveals how he secured undergraduate, postgraduate scholarships

In an exclusive chat with Legit.ng , Jameswilliams said:

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“A Nile University PR officer came to Deeper Life High School, Calabar Campus to pitch the University to us. In the brochure he shared, the scholarship requirement was laid out.
"In the brochure, I found out that, as of then in 2019, for courses other than medicine and law, the criteria for a full-tuition scholarship in the University was having at least 300 in UTME and 4As in WASSCE.
"At the time I already had 300+ in UTME, so, I knew that I had to go all in my WASSCE preparation to meet the criteria. So, I gave my WASSCE a really good shot and hoped for the best.
"Months later, our WASSCE results were released. I found out that I had 6As which meant that I was eligible to apply for the scholarship.

university of pavia phd scholarship

"My professor confirmed it": Young PhD student celebrates as she passes her courses with grade 'A'

“After several deliberations between my parent and I, we decided to apply for the scholarship and we got it. “

Speaking further, he said the scholarship for his postgraduate programme (which he is yet to commence) came as a result of his outstanding academic feat during his four years in the school.

"I just knew, however, that the best-graduating students usually got convocation prizes and sometimes, those include scholarships for postgraduate studies.
"Against that backdrop, my motivation from the get-go was to make the most of every semester. At least, that way, if by any chance there was a scholarship prize, I’d be well-positioned to appropriate it. Undoubtedly, that served as an added motivation. More so because as a firsthand enjoyer of an undergraduate scholarship, I understood how much of an economic relief that was to my parents who have to cater for my siblings.
"Now, due to the uncertainty that clouded the criteria, up until the convocation day, I never really knew what to expect.

university of pavia phd scholarship

Jubilation as Nigerian boss gifts his workers 5 new cars, photos send many into frenzy

"That consequently meant that like everyone else in the hall that day, I got to know that among other awards, I was a recipient of the postgraduate scholarship when my name was mentioned to come on stage and get the award letter."

“I cried when I scored 305 in UTME”: Jameswilliams

Legit.ng earlier reported that Jameswilliams graduated with a 4.95 CGPA to emerge as the Best Graduating Student in the Department of Economics. He was also the overall Best Graduating Student (First Runner-Up) and Best Graduating Student in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences.

In an exclusive chat with Legit.ng , he explained that he decided to give his academic journey his best shot because he wanted to justify the privilege and resources invested in him rather than be a traitor.

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Harvard Finds More Instances of ‘Duplicative Language’ in President’s Work

Claudine Gay has faced growing criticism of not only her response to antisemitism on campus but also her scholarship.

university of pavia phd scholarship

By Jennifer Schuessler

Harvard University, in the face of mounting questions over possible plagiarism in the scholarly work of its president, Claudine Gay, said on Wednesday that it had found two additional instances of insufficient citation in her work.

The issues were found in Dr. Gay’s 1997 doctoral dissertation, in which Harvard said it had found two examples of “duplicative language without appropriate attribution.”

Last week, Harvard said that an earlier review had found two published articles that needed additional citations, and that Dr. Gay would request corrections.

“President Gay will update her dissertation correcting these instances of inadequate citation,” the university said on Wednesday of the additional findings.

The news was an embarrassing development for the university, which has sought to quell tumult over Dr. Gay’s leadership in recent weeks.

On Wednesday, a congressional committee currently investigating Harvard sent a letter to the university demanding all its documentation and communications related to the allegations.

More than a week ago, Dr. Gay seemed to survive concerns about her response to the Oct. 7 attack on Israel and charges of antisemitism on campus, only to be faced with criticism of her scholarship. Wednesday’s news has raised more questions about the process by which the university board, known as the Harvard Corporation, has handled plagiarism allegations against Dr. Gay, and whether it has been overly lenient with her.

On Wednesday, Harvard said that the inquiry into Dr. Gay’s work was not handled by the research integrity office of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, which would normally investigate plagiarism charges against a member of that faculty. Instead the Corporation, a 12-member board that has been criticized for its insularity, appointed a panel of outside scholars to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest, because the head of the research integrity office ultimately reports to the president.

The allegations of plagiarism against Dr. Gay have been driven by conservative media, and on Dec. 10 surfaced publicly when the activist Christopher Rufo published a newsletter piece headlined, “Is Claudine Gay a Plagiarist?” That article , which highlighted issues with Dr. Gay’s dissertation, appeared the night before the board met to decide if she would remain as Harvard’s president.

Additional allegations continued to surface in conservative outlets like The Washington Free Beacon and on social media, even after the board announced on Dec. 12 that it would stand behind her.

The controversy swirling around Dr. Gay raises questions about what it means for a premier American university when its scholarly leader — who at Harvard has final approval on all tenure decisions — has been accused of failing to adhere to scholarly standards. The allegations against her are landing in the middle of a charged political battle. But they have also prompted some to wonder whether Harvard is treating its leader with greater latitude than it would its students.

Altogether, the allegations accuse Dr. Gay, a political scientist, of using material from other sources without proper attribution in her dissertation and about half of the 11 journal articles listed on her résumé .

The examples range from brief snippets of technical definitions to paragraphs summing up other scholars’ research that are only lightly paraphrased, and in some cases lack any direct citation of the other scholars.

In one example that has drawn particular attention and online ridicule, the acknowledgments of Dr. Gay’s dissertation appear to take two sentences from the 1996 book acknowledgments of another scholar, Jennifer L. Hochschild. Dr. Hochschild wrote of a mentor who “showed me the importance of getting the data right and of following where they lead without fear or favor,” and “drove me much harder than I sometimes wanted to be driven.”

In Dr. Gay’s dissertation acknowledgments the next year, she thanked her family, who “drove me harder than I sometimes wanted to be driven.” And she thanked her thesis adviser, Gary King, who “reminded me of the importance of getting the data right and following where they lead without fear or favor.”

As allegations mounted last week, faculty members at Harvard and scholars elsewhere offered varying assessments of the severity of the infractions, with some seeing a disturbing pattern, and others calling them minor or dismissing them as a partisan hit job.

But to some, the issue is plain: Dr. Gay committed plagiarism — a word which does not actually appear in the Harvard board’s initial statement on Dec. 12 — and Harvard should admit it.

Carol Swain, a political scientist who retired from Vanderbilt University in 2017, said that she was “livid,” both at Dr. Gay’s use of her work and Harvard’s defense of her.

“I also have a concern that Harvard University decides it gets to redefine what plagiarism is when it suits its needs,” she said. “That to me is unacceptable.”

In the dissertation, Mr. Rufo said in his newsletter, Dr. Gay used Dr. Swain’s work at least twice with no citation. In one example, Dr. Gay wrote, “Since the 1950s, the re-election rate for incumbent House members has rarely dipped below 90%.” In an earlier book, Dr. Swain had written, “Since the 1950s the re-election rate for House members has rarely dipped below 90%.” (It is unclear if Harvard’s investigation deemed this example problematic.)

The left-leaning Boston Globe editorial board was also scathing about Harvard’s initial statement on the plagiarism allegations, which it called “confusing.”

“If Gay didn’t violate any standards of research, why would she need to correct anything?” it asked.

On Wednesday, Harvard provided some additional details about its investigation. It said that it was spurred by an inquiry on Oct. 24 from The New York Post, seeking comment on what Harvard described as “anonymous allegations” of plagiarism.

Harvard said the Corporation had appointed a three-member independent review board, consisting of scholars with “no ties to Harvard” who are “among the nation’s most respected political scientists, whose disciplinary expertise qualifies them to have conducted this review of Gay’s work.” It declined to publicly disclose the names of the scholars.

The panel reviewed all the allegations in The Post’s inquiry, the summary said, and also reviewed “all of President Gay’s other published works from 1993 to 2019.” It did not review her dissertation, Harvard said, since no questions had been raised about it. Allegations about the dissertation were first publicly raised on Dec. 10, in Mr. Rufo’s newsletter.

Two days later, in a statement saying Dr. Gay would remain as president, the Corporation briefly addressed the allegations about her scholarship.

It said an independent inquiry had investigated her “published work” and found two papers needing additional citations, but no “research misconduct.”

But that hardly settled the question, on campus or beyond.

On the face of it, Harvard’s definition of plagiarism would seem clear — and exacting. “Plagiarism is defined as the act of intentionally OR unintentionally submitting work that was written by somebody else,” a handbook for students says. Every source, including websites and seemingly unauthored documents, “must be cited properly.”

Plagiarism, the handbook says, “is taken very seriously at Harvard.”

The regulations for professors in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, of which Dr. Gay, a professor of government and of African and African American studies, is a member, define plagiarism similarly.

But it specifies that plagiarism rises to the level of “research misconduct,” which can be punished, only if the infractions were committed “intentionally, knowingly or recklessly.”

In a summary of its process on Wednesday, Harvard reiterated that its review of Dr. Gay’s work did not find evidence that met this bar.

For some faculty members, and not just liberal ones, the details of the charges and Harvard’s procedures were less important than the context in which the charges were being lobbed.

“It’s part of this extreme right-wing attack on elite institutions,” said Charles Fried, a professor at Harvard Law School and a former solicitor general in the Reagan administration. “The obvious point is to make it look as if there is this ‘woke’ double standard at elite institutions.”

“If it came from some other quarter, I might be granting it some credence,” he said of the accusations. “But not from these people.”

Steven Levitsky, a government professor and the organizer of a faculty petition this month urging the Corporation to “resist political pressures that are at odds with Harvard’s commitment to academic freedom,” said the passages highlighted seemed to mostly be “mild sloppiness.”

Many, he said, appeared to occur in sections of the papers dealing not with Gay’s core claims, but with summaries of methodologies and of previous scholarship.

“She’s a quantitative scholar,” he said. “She cares about the data. These guys don’t spend time fussing about their literature reviews.”

Few of those who saw the accusations as potentially serious were willing to speak on the record. But some who said they were troubled also noted that students were often punished, sometimes harshly, for similar infractions.

“It’s troubling to see the standards we apply to undergrads seem to differ from the standards we apply to faculty,” Theda Skocpol, a professor of government, said.

Dr. Hochschild, who has known Dr. Gay for years and remains supportive, said in an interview that she was perplexed to learn about the repetition in language in the acknowledgments of her book, from the 1990s. But “I’m not terribly disturbed,” Dr. Hochschild, who joined the Harvard faculty in 2001, said, in part because “the sentiments and phrasing were not especially distinctive.”

How Harvard evaluates and punishes plagiarism — and whether star professors get off lightly compared with students — is a long-running subject of debate.

In 2005, after two prominent law professors, Charles Ogletree Jr. and Laurence Tribe, were publicly accused of plagiarism , The Harvard Crimson ran an editorial decrying the “disappointing double standard,” noting that “students caught plagiarizing are routinely suspended for semesters or even entire academic years.”

In both cases, the investigations — which were led by Derek Bok, a former Harvard president, and unfolded over months — found that each had in fact committed plagiarism. The professors were publicly chastised by the administration, but Harvard did not say whether there were any sanctions, according to news reports at the time.

In an apology, Mr. Ogletree, who died this year , acknowledged that his 2004 book “All Deliberate Speed” included several paragraphs from another law professor almost verbatim, without any attribution, according to a New York Times report at the time. (He said it was the result of a mix-up by his research assistants.)

In Mr. Tribe’s case, he was deemed by Harvard’s president and the law school dean to have unintentionally included “various brief passages and phrases that echo or overlap with material” in a book by another scholar, who was not credited. Mr. Tribe, who still teaches at Harvard, apologized.

At the time, a fellow legal scholar told The Times that for professors whose infractions became public, the humiliation was the true cost: “The discovery is the punishment.”

Anemona Hartocollis and Sarah Mervosh contributed reporting. Sheelagh McNeill contributed research.

Jennifer Schuessler is a culture reporter covering intellectual life and the world of ideas. She is based in New York. More about Jennifer Schuessler

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Harvard president will update dissertation after more plagiarism allegations

A review concluded that inadequate citations did not constitute research misconduct.

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Harvard University’s president, Claudine Gay, will request additional corrections to her scholarship, school officials announced Wednesday, as scrutiny intensified on her academic work amid plagiarism allegations and a congressional inquiry.

Gay will submit three updates to her 1997 dissertation, according to university officials, adding quotations and citations to properly credit other scholars’ work.

The review concluded that her inadequate citations did not constitute research misconduct.

Still, it was another sign of the intensifying pressure on the Harvard president, as a congressional committee announced an inquiry into the university’s handling of plagiarism allegations on Wednesday.

Gay was already under fire for her recent congressional testimony on campus antisemitism. Earlier this month, Gay and two other university presidents faced outrage after testimony before a House panel during which they would not say that calls for the genocide of Jews violated their universities’ codes of conduct. Gay later apologized and clarified her remarks, the campus newspaper the Harvard Crimson reported. The University of Pennsylvania’s president, Liz Magill, announced her resignation soon after the hearing.

Harvard’s top governing board announced its unanimous support for Gay last week. The board also said at the time it had reviewed plagiarism allegations and cleared her of any serious wrongdoing, although she asked for corrections to add missing quotation marks and citations to two published articles. The Harvard Corporation said last week that political scientists who reviewed the works found “a few instances of inadequate citation” but “no violation of Harvard’s standards for research misconduct.”

Harvard president to remain after anger over testimony on antisemitism

But questions continued — including allegations of plagiarism in her dissertation that had not been considered in the school’s review.

Last week saw an outpouring of support for Gay. Hundreds of faculty members signed onto a letter urging the school to defend its independence and resist political pressures — including calls to remove the president. On Thursday, one faculty member, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the topic, said they were troubled by the idea that Gay might be held to a different — and lower — standard than students are.

Jennifer Hochschild, a professor of government and African and African American studies, has been supportive of Gay’s presidency. She said she is troubled by the number of incidences of alleged plagiarism but that the individual cases are trivial — she sees no substantive theft of ideas.

“Plagiarism is not a kind of a single on-off switch. There’s variations in the degree of malfeasance. It sounds like a — God forbid — ‘You know, it depends on the context,’” she said, referring to a phrase the university presidents repeated during congressional testimony. “We’ve learned we’re not supposed to say that anymore, right?”

“There’s a lot of attack which is just mean-spirited and completely hypocritical,” she said. “But it’s politically very powerful — and it has enough truth behind it that one can’t just shrug it off.”

“It makes us look like we have a double standard.”

According to university officials, after questions from the New York Post in October about some of Gay’s published work, Gay asked the Harvard Corporation to conduct an independent review. The inquiry was not led by the research integrity units at the university or its Faculty of Arts and Sciences — to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest, according to school officials, since those offices report to the president. Instead, a subcommittee of the board and a panel of three political scientists unaffiliated with Harvard considered the allegations.

The initial review included works questioned by the New York Post, as well as all of Gay’s published work from 1993 to 2019. It did not include her 1997 dissertation.

But even as the board was meeting to deliberate, new plagiarism allegations surfaced, including an article in the Washington Free Beacon and social media posts from Christopher Rufo, an activist affiliated with conservative organizations, and journalist Christopher Brunet.

On Wednesday, the House Education and the Workforce Committee launched a review of plagiarism allegations against Gay, demanding documents regarding the claims and the university’s responses, a list of disciplinary actions taken by the university for violations of academic integrity since 2019, and others.

In a letter to Penny Pritzker, senior fellow of the Harvard Corporation, the committee Chair Virginia Foxx (R-N.C.) wrote, “ Our concern is that standards are not being applied consistently, resulting in different rules for different members of the academic community. If a university is willing to look the other way and not hold faculty accountable for engaging in academically dishonest behavior, it cheapens its mission and the value of its education.”

The university released a detailed timeline of how the university has responded to plagiarism allegations Wednesday. And it announced new findings: The subcommittee of the Corporation found “one replica of a missing citation or quotation mark that had already been identified in a published paper and that has since been corrected, along with two other examples of duplicative language without appropriate attribution.”

Gay will correct those inadequate citations in her dissertation, school officials said.

The review announced last week did not find evidence of “intentional deception or recklessness” in Gay’s work, a required element for a determination of research misconduct, according to Harvard’s policy. But it found instances that did not comply with the university’s standards on using sources.

Those included instances where quotation marks were missing but authors were cited in the same paragraph or an adjacent paragraph, and cases where authors’ names should have been cited.

Those inadequate citations were regrettable, the review concluded — but did not constitute research misconduct.

An anonymous complaint was filed with the research integrity office at the school’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences on Tuesday, the Washington Free Beacon reported . Those allegations included the issues already reviewed and four new accusations that the board’s subcommittee has determined to be meritless, school officials said.

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In a statement to CNN on Thursday morning, a Harvard spokesperson said the university reviewed more of Gay's academic work, and the president plans to update her 1997 PhD dissertation to correct ...

Carol Swain, a political scientist who retired from Vanderbilt University in 2017, said that she was "livid," both at Dr. Gay's use of her work and Harvard's defense of her.

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5 min. Harvard University's president, Claudine Gay, will request additional corrections to her scholarship, school officials announced Wednesday, as scrutiny intensified on her academic work ...

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  1. The Writing Center

    Outlining is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper's potential structure, and to further flesh out and develop points. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. An outline provides the writer with a space ...

  2. How to Write an Essay Outline

    Revised on July 23, 2023. An essay outline is a way of planning the structure of your essay before you start writing. It involves writing quick summary sentences or phrases for every point you will cover in each paragraph, giving you a picture of how your argument will unfold. You'll sometimes be asked to submit an essay outline as a separate ...

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    In a topic outline, capitalize only the first letter of the word beginning the heading (and all proper nouns); do not use end punctuation because these headings are not complete sentences. Present need for physicists. In private industry. In government projects. In a sentence outline, punctuate every heading just as you would the sentences in ...

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    Tip AI tools like ChatGPT can be effectively used to develop research questions and create outlines. To learn how to use these tools responsibly, see our AI writing resources page. Formatting your research paper outline. There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines.

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    For research papers, an outline may help you keep track of large amounts of information. For creative writing, an outline may help organize the various plot threads and help keep track of character traits. Many people find that organizing an oral report or presentation in outline form helps them speak more effectively in front of a crowd.

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    An outline is a tool used to organize your written ideas about a topic into a logical order. It is meant to help you establish a structure for a paper you are going to write. It is a way for you to demonstrate the main argument (thesis), main points (topic sentences), and main pieces of evidence you are going to present in a paper before ...

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    2 Make a list of all the topics, subtopics, and points you want to cover. Go through your research and note each topic, subtopic, and supporting point. Be sure to keep related information together. Remember that everything you discuss in your paper should relate to your thesis, so omit anything that seems tangential.

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    Outlining your first draft by listing each paragraph's topic sentence can be an easy way to ensure that each of your paragraphs is serving a specific purpose in your paper. You may find opportunities to combine or eliminate potential paragraphs when outlining—first drafts often contain repetitive ideas or sections that stall, rather than advance, the paper's central argument.

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    4a. Outlining. Outlining is a focused prewriting and visualization technique that helps writers organize their ideas for an essay to meet a word count requirement, to decide which evidence and appeals will best suit their purpose and audience, and keep arguments and counterarguments focused on the main idea. Drafting is the step in the writing ...

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    There are two types of outlines. A topic outline lists words or phrases; A sentence outline lists complete sentences (a complete sentence is one that has a subject, a verb, and a predicate) Outlines can be arranged in two styles. Alphanumeric -- this means letters and numbers are used; Decimal -- this means decimals are used (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 2.0

  15. PDF The Basic Outline of a Paper

    The following outline shows a basic format for most academic papers. No matter what length the paper needs to be, it should still follow the format of having an introduction, body, and conclusion. Read over what typically goes in each section of the paper. Use the back of this handout to outline information for your specific paper.

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    Not all academic papers include a roadmap, but many do. Usually following the thesis, a roadmap is a narrative table of contents that summarizes the flow of the rest of the paper. Below, see an example roadmap in which Cuevas (2019) succinctly outlines her argument. You may also see roadmaps that list

  19. How to outline the academic paper

    The basic elements for a house-like structure to stand strong and hold its own weight are: 1- A foundation. 2- Supporting columns. 3- Walls and roof. In a way, an academic paper has a very similar structure to that of a house. A strong essay must have: 1- A foundation: Thesis. 2- Supporting columns: Main ideas.

  20. The Different Types of Outlining

    Outlining is a crucial part of the writing and research process, helping writers organize their ideas and structure their work in a logical and coherent manner. Whether you are a student working on a school project or a researcher writing a paper, creating an outline can be a valuable tool for ensuring that your work is well-organized and clearly presented. An outline can be thought of a ...

  21. Outlining In Academic Writing

    Of the several stages involved in creating exceptional essays, outlining is one of the most ignored. However, experts indicate that an outline saves you time and ensures a focused and organized paper. Here, an outline means a formal system used for developing a framework for thinking about the organization and eventual contents of your paper.

  22. Academic Performance of Students who Create and Use Outlines

    Integrating outlining techniques have aided students in the process of writing their academic papers and helped them accomplish their paper effectively. Outlining as a pre-writing practice can ...

  23. outlining is used for academic papers only

    Outlining is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper's potential structure, and to further flesh out and develop points. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper.... For research papers, an outline may help you keep track of large amounts of information.