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Endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells improve regeneration of injured endometrium in mice

The monthly regeneration of human endometrial tissue is maintained by the presence of human endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (eMSC), a cell population co-expressing the perivascular markers CD140b an...

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Embryo development is impaired by sperm mitochondrial-derived ROS

Basal energetic metabolism in sperm, particularly oxidative phosphorylation, is known to condition not only their oocyte fertilising ability, but also the subsequent embryo development. While the molecular pat...

Fibroblasts inhibit osteogenesis by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of YAP in mesenchymal stem cells and secreting DKK1

Fibrous scars frequently form at the sites of bone nonunion when attempts to repair bone fractures have failed. However, the detailed mechanism by which fibroblasts, which are the main components of fibrous sc...

MSC-derived exosomes protect auditory hair cells from neomycin-induced damage via autophagy regulation

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) poses a major threat to both physical and mental health; however, there is still a lack of effective drugs to treat the disease. Recently, novel biological therapies, such as ...

Alpha-synuclein dynamics bridge Type-I Interferon response and SARS-CoV-2 replication in peripheral cells

Increasing evidence suggests a double-faceted role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) following infection by a variety of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Although α-syn accumulation is known to contribute to cell toxic...

Lactadherin immunoblockade in small extracellular vesicles inhibits sEV-mediated increase of pro-metastatic capacities

Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can promote tumorigenic and metastatic capacities in less aggressive recipient cells mainly through the biomolecules in their cargo. However, despite recent ad...

Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq identifies MX1-mediated AP-1 transcriptional regulation as a therapeutic target for Down syndrome

Growing evidence has suggested that Type I Interferon (I-IFN) plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of Down Syndrome (DS). This work investigates the underlying function of MX1, an effector gene of I-IFN,...

The novel roles of YULINK in the migration, proliferation and glycolysis of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells: implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension

Abnormal remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, characterized by the proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) along with dysregulated glycolysis, is a pathognomonic feat...

Electroacupuncture promotes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and improves pattern separation in an early Alzheimer's disease mouse model

Impaired pattern separation occurs in the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis participates in pattern separation. Here, we investigated whether spatial memo...

Role of SYVN1 in the control of airway remodeling in asthma protection by promoting SIRT2 ubiquitination and degradation

Asthma is a heterogenous disease that characterized by airway remodeling. SYVN1 (Synoviolin 1) acts as an E3 ligase to mediate the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through ubiquitination and de...

Advances towards the use of gastrointestinal tumor patient-derived organoids as a therapeutic decision-making tool

In December 2022 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed the requirement that drugs in development must undergo animal testing before clinical evaluation, a declaration that now demands the establish...

Melatonin alleviates pyroptosis by regulating the SIRT3/FOXO3α/ROS axis and interacting with apoptosis in Atherosclerosis progression

Atherosclerosis (AS), a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), is steadily rising with the aging of the global population. Pyroptosis and apoptosis, both caspase-mediated cell death mechanism...

Prenatal ethanol exposure and changes in fetal neuroendocrine metabolic programming

Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) (mainly through maternal alcohol consumption) has become widespread. However, studies suggest that it can cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and multi-organ developmen...

Autologous non-invasively derived stem cells mitochondria transfer shows therapeutic advantages in human embryo quality rescue

The decline in the quantity and quality of mitochondria are closely associated with infertility, particularly in advanced maternal age. Transferring autologous mitochondria into the oocytes of infertile female...

Development of synthetic modulator enabling long-term propagation and neurogenesis of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are essential for in vitro drug screening and cell-based therapies for brain-related disorders, necessitating well-defined and reproducible culture systems. Current strategies em...

Heat-responsive microRNAs participate in regulating the pollen fertility stability of CMS-D2 restorer line under high-temperature stress

Anther development and pollen fertility of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) conditioned by Gossypium harknessii cytoplasm (CMS-D2) restorer lines are susceptible to continuous high-temperature (HT) stress in sum...

Chemogenetic inhibition of NTS astrocytes normalizes cardiac autonomic control and ameliorate hypertension during chronic intermittent hypoxia

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent episodes of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), which has been linked to the development of sympathoexcitation and hypertension. Furthermore, it has ...

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 activates Cx43 hemichannels and disturbs intracellular Ca 2+ dynamics

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An aspect of high uncertainty is whether the SARS-CoV-2 per se or the systemic inflammation ...

The effect of zofenopril on the cardiovascular system of spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with the ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a crucial role in the infection cycle of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for formation of COVID-19 pandemic. In the cardiovascular system, the virus enters the cells by bind...

Two murine models of sepsis: immunopathological differences between the sexes—possible role of TGFβ1 in female resistance to endotoxemia

Endotoxic shock (ExSh) and cecal ligature and puncture (CLP) are models that induce sepsis. In this work, we investigated early immunologic and histopathologic changes induced by ExSh or CLP models in female a...

An intracellular, non-oxidative factor activates in vitro chromatin fragmentation in pig sperm

In vitro incubation of epididymal and vas deferens sperm with Mn 2+ induces Sperm Chromatin Fragmentation (SCF), a mechanism that causes double-stranded breaks in toroid-linker regions (TLRs). Whether this mechani...

Focal ischemic stroke modifies microglia-derived exosomal miRNAs: potential role of mir-212-5p in neuronal protection and functional recovery

Ischemic stroke is a severe type of stroke with high disability and mortality rates. In recent years, microglial exosome-derived miRNAs have been shown to be promising candidates for the treatment of ischemic ...

S -Nitrosylation in endothelial cells contributes to tumor cell adhesion and extravasation during breast cancer metastasis

Nitric oxide is produced by different nitric oxide synthases isoforms. NO activates two signaling pathways, one dependent on soluble guanylate cyclase and protein kinase G, and other where NO post-translationa...

Identifying pyroptosis- and inflammation-related genes in intracranial aneurysms based on bioinformatics analysis

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the most common cerebrovascular disease, and subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by its rupture can seriously impede nerve function. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory mode of cell death wh...

Drosophila Atlastin regulates synaptic vesicle mobilization independent of bone morphogenetic protein signaling

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts endosomes in all parts of a motor neuron, including the axon and presynaptic terminal, to move structural proteins, proteins that send signals, and lipids over long dist...

Mucin1 induced trophoblast dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus via Wnt/β-catenin pathway

To elucidate the role of Mucin1 (MUC1) in the trophoblast function (glucose uptake and apoptosis) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) women through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) alleviate paclitaxel-induced spermatogenesis defects and maintain male fertility

Chemotherapeutic drugs can cause reproductive damage by affecting sperm quality and other aspects of male fertility. Stem cells are thought to alleviate the damage caused by chemotherapy drugs and to play role...

Exploring the Neandertal legacy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk in Eurasians

The genomes of present-day non-Africans are composed of 1–3% of Neandertal-derived DNA as a consequence of admixture events between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans about 50–60 thousand years ago. Ne...

Identification and analysis of key hypoxia- and immune-related genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an autosomal dominant genetic disease, is the main cause of sudden death in adolescents and athletes globally. Hypoxia and immune factors have been revealed to be related to ...

primary research article biology

How do prolonged anchorage-free lifetimes strengthen non-small-cell lung cancer cells to evade anoikis? – A link with altered cellular metabolomics

Malignant cells adopt anoikis resistance to survive anchorage-free stresses and initiate cancer metastasis. It is still unknown how varying periods of anchorage loss contribute to anoikis resistance, cell migr...

Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with wine fermentation and adaptation to nitrogen limitation in wild and domesticated yeast strains

For more than 20 years, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model organism for genetic studies and molecular biology, as well as a platform for biotechnology (e.g., wine production). One of the important eco...

Investigating the dark-side of the genome: a barrier to human disease variant discovery?

The human genome contains regions that cannot be adequately assembled or aligned using next generation short-read sequencing technologies. More than 2500 genes are known contain such ‘dark’ regions. In this st...

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment increases intestinal stem cell proliferation through the mTORC1/S6K1 signaling pathway in Mus musculus

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) has been reported to modulate the proliferation of neural and mesenchymal stem cell populations, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely unde...

Polar microalgae extracts protect human HaCaT keratinocytes from damaging stimuli and ameliorate psoriatic skin inflammation in mice

Polar microalgae contain unique compounds that enable them to adapt to extreme environments. As the skin barrier is our first line of defense against external threats, polar microalgae extracts may possess res...

Correction: Utility of melatonin in mitigating ionizing radiation‑induced testis injury through synergistic interdependence of its biological properties

The original article was published in Biological Research 2022 55 :33

Beyond energy provider: multifunction of lipid droplets in embryonic development

Since the discovery, lipid droplets (LDs) have been recognized to be sites of cellular energy reserves, providing energy when necessary to sustain cellular life activities. Many studies have reported large num...

Retraction Note: Tridax procumbens flavonoids: a prospective bioactive compound increased osteoblast differentiation and trabecular bone formation

Electroacupuncture protective effects after cerebral ischemia are mediated through mir-219a inhibition.

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a complementary and alternative therapy which has shown protective effects on vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely understood.

Topsoil and subsoil bacterial community assemblies across different drainage conditions in a mountain environment

High mountainous environments are of particular interest as they play an essential role for life and human societies, while being environments which are highly vulnerable to climate change and land use intensi...

Functional defects in hiPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes from patients with a PLEKHM2-mutation associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary myocardial disease, leading to heart failure and excessive risk of sudden cardiac death with rather poorly understood pathophysiology. In 2015, Parvari's group ident...

Human VDAC pseudogenes: an emerging role for VDAC1P8 pseudogene in acute myeloid leukemia

Voltage-dependent anion selective channels (VDACs) are the most abundant mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, encoded in mammals by three genes, VDAC1 , 2 and 3 , mostly ubiquitously expressed. As 'mitochondrial ...

ABCA1 transporter promotes the motility of human melanoma cells by modulating their plasma membrane organization

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and deadliest skin tumor. Cholesterol content in melanoma cells is elevated, and a portion of it accumulates into lipid rafts. Therefore, the plasma membrane cholesterol ...

Acupuncture regulates the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in polycystic ovarian syndrome-related abnormal follicular development through LncMEG3-mediated inhibition of miR-21-3p

The main features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are abnormal follicular development and ovulatory dysfunction, which are caused by excessive apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells. Acupuncture has been sho...

Cholic and deoxycholic acids induce mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired biogenesis and autophagic flux in skeletal muscle cells

Skeletal muscle is sensitive to bile acids (BA) because it expresses the TGR5 receptor for BA. Cholic (CA) and deoxycholic (DCA) acids induce a sarcopenia-like phenotype through TGR5-dependent mechanisms. Besi...

iPSCs ameliorate hypoxia-induced autophagy and atrophy in C2C12 myotubes via the AMPK/ULK1 pathway

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked lethal genetic disorder for which there is no effective treatment. Previous studies have shown that stem cell transplantation into mdx mice can promote muscle r...

Ursodeoxycholic acid induces sarcopenia associated with decreased protein synthesis and autophagic flux

Skeletal muscle generates force and movements and maintains posture. Under pathological conditions, muscle fibers suffer an imbalance in protein synthesis/degradation. This event causes muscle mass loss and de...

Neuroprotective effects of the PPARβ/δ antagonist GSK0660 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson’s disease models

The underlying mechanism of Parkinson’s disease are still unidentified, but excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are considered key actors. Proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are trans...

Electroacupuncture inhibits dendritic spine remodeling through the srGAP3-Rac1 signaling pathway in rats with SNL

Previous studies have shown that peripheral nerve injury can lead to abnormal dendritic spine remodeling in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Inhibition of abnormal dendritic spine remodeling can relieve neuropathic...

Activation of a hypothalamus-habenula circuit by mechanical stimulation inhibits cocaine addiction-like behaviors

Mechanoreceptor activation modulates GABA neuron firing and dopamine (DA) release in the mesolimbic DA system, an area implicated in reward and substance abuse. The lateral habenula (LHb), the lateral hypothal...

Correction: Disseminated intravascular coagulation phenotype is regulated by the TRPM7 channel during sepsis

The original article was published in Biological Research 2023 56 :8

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A Guide to Biology: Find Primary Articles

  • Find Primary Articles
  • Find Books and Background Information
  • Literature Reviews
  • Citing Biology Sources/Citation Management

Journals List: Do We Have this Journal?

When you have a source with a bibliography, you can see if a particular article from the bibliography is available by looking the journal's name up at the link below. Then you can use the volume and date information to navigate to the article. If we don't have access to that journal, we usually can get it from another library.

  • Search the Journals List: Do We Have this Journal?

Biology Journals in Print

These print-format journals all publish primary research and review articles in the field of biology.

American Midland Naturalist Genes and Development (most current year; earlier volumes in PMC)  Nature Science Wilson Journal of Ornithology

We also subscribe in print to the following biology-related journals and magazines Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development Environmental Ethics Horticulture (current issue on main floor) Loon Minnesota Birding Minnesota Conservation Volunteer National Wildlife New Scientist (current issue on main floor)

Open Access to Biology Research

When searching PubMed, you can narrow the results to "free full text." 

For a single source of open access journal articles in the life sciences, this collection from the National Library of Medicine is hard to beat.

  • PubMed Central (digital archive of journal literature) This link opens in a new window Free full text scholarly journal archive of literature in the life and health sciences, managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the National Library of Medicine.

Biology Databases

Often you will hear the phrase "primary articles" when starting biology research, meaning articles written by scientists reporting new research. These typically introduce the research with a review of previous research in the introduction, methodology, results, and discussion and/or conclusion. Journals in biology also publish "review articles" that provide a roundup of recent research on a topic in biology. If you are looking for primary articles or review articles in biology and biomedical topics, these databases will be especially useful.

  • Biological Science This link opens in a new window Covers research in all areas of biological science, including animal behavior, biomedicine, zoology, ecology, and others. Coverage is from 1982 to the present. Includes abstracts and citations, as well as access to thousands of full text titles.
  • PubMed (citations from MEDLINE and other sources) This link opens in a new window PubMed contains more than 30 million citations and abstracts of biomedical literature. Click the "Find it at Gustavus" button to link to the full text or to make an interlibrary loan request. PubMed was developed and is maintained by the National Institutes of Health.
  • Web of Science (Web of Knowledge) This link opens in a new window Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Besides indexing a wide range of journals in the sciences, social sciences, and history, this resource allows you to search for articles that cite a specific author or published work. Coverage from 1997 to the present. Click on the "Web of Science" tab to limit your search to one or more specific citation databases.

Annual Reviews

These annual books publish review articles - detailed recaps of research on questions in the field. They are an excellent place to gain a sense of the various approaches to a topic and references to the literature that supports it.

Two series are shelved in the general collection under the following call numbers:

  • ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY v. 1, 1963- (QH 91 .A1 A22)
  • ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH v. 1, 1953- (QR 360 .A3)

Also of interest is WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS. Current volumes are available online ; volumes from 1956 - 2009 are sheved at QL 1 .W54.

The Annual Reviews series online also includes biology-related review articles.

  • Annual Review of Biochemistry
  • Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
  • Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
  • Annual Review of Entomology
  • Annual Review of Genetics
  • Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
  • Annual Review of Immunology
  • Annual Review of Neuroscience

Other Science Databases

  • AGRICOLA This link opens in a new window Citations and abstracts for agricultural publications from the 15th century to the present, including articles from over 600 periodicals, USDA and state experiment station and extension publications, and selected books. Subjects include animal and veterinary sciences, entomology, plant sciences, food and human nutrition, and earth and environmental sciences. Many records are linked to full-text documents online. A resource of the National Agricultural Library.
  • Google Scholar This link opens in a new window This search engine points toward scholarly research rather than all Web-based sources. It is stronger in the sciences than in the humanities, with social sciences somewhere in between. One interesting feature of Google Scholar is that in includes a link to sources that cite a particular item. Not all of the articles in Google Scholar are free; the library can obtain many of them for you through Interlibrary loan.

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How Do I Get the Actual Articles?

If there isn't a PDF available, look for a "find it" link. That will check to see if it's available through another of our databases. If no full text is available, it will give you an opportunity to request the article from another library. You will have to log in using your Gustavus username and password. It usually takes a day or two. Look for an email that will explain how to download the PDF. 

If you're using Google Scholar, look for either a "find it @ Gustavus" link to the right or a "more" link under the reference you're interested in.  

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Biological Sciences: 03-124: Modern Biology Laboratory: Finding Research Articles

  • Finding Research Articles
  • Popular Science News Resources
  • PubMed Tutorial
  • Google Scholar Tutorial
  • Citation Management with Zotero

Useful Resource for Accessing Articles

The LibKey Nomad browser extension provides one-click access to the Libraries' full text resources as you find research on the web and in databases. Find information on how to install here . 

primary research article biology

Types of Scholarly Information

You will encounter many types of articles and it is important to distinguish between these different categories of scholarly literature.  Keep in mind the following definitions.

PRIMARY RESEARCH ARTICLE :   A primary research article describes an empirical study that aims to gain new knowledge on a topic through direct or indirect observation and research.  These include quantitative or qualitative data and analysis. In science, a primary article will often include the following sections:  Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion.

REVIEW ARTICLE :  In the scientific literature, this is a type of article that provides a synthesis of existing research on a particular topic.  These are useful when you want to get an idea of a body of research that you are not yet familiar with.

PEER-REVIEWED :  Refers to articles that have undergone a rigorous review process by peers in their discipline , often including revisions to the original manuscript, before publication in a scholarly journal. Primary research articles in reputable life science journals are always peer-reviewed. Reviews are often peer-reviewed as well. 

Useful Journals for this Class

  • JoVE Biology
  • Springer Nature Experiments
  • Current Protocols in Cell Biology
  • Current Protocols in Molecular Biology

How to Find Research Articles

Research databases.

Research databases are key to conducting comprehensive or specific searches of the scholarly literature across many different publishers and journals. They include special tools and filters to help you narrow and expand your search.

  • PubMed :  PubMed is the   most comprehensive source to find scholarly journal articles in biology, health, and medicine.  It is maintained by the National Library of Medicine and contains millions of citations and is updated daily with newly published research.
  • Google Scholar : Google Scholar is a freely available search engine to find scholarly literature in all fields and disciplines. It lacks the many built-in filtering capabilities of subject-specific databases, like PubMed, but can be a useful place to start your research when you are trying to narrow your research topic or to search broadly across many subject areas.

ACADEMIC JOURNALS

You can browse the contents of specific journals in a field by going to the publisher's websites. This is a good way to get to know the type of research being conducted in particular fields. The following academic journals have publicly available articles:

  • PLOS Biology

To access journals with paid content, you can go directly to the publisher's site and view all the content if you are on campus. If you are off-campus, go to the library homepage and click on Journals & Newspapers. It will give you options for finding articles from different years. You will be prompted to enter you Andrew ID and password but then you can access full-text articles and download PDFs.

primary research article biology

Finding Full-Text Articles

Most research articles are not publicly available and require an institutional subscription to access them.  If you have citations for specific articles, search for the article in the Library Catalog  to see if have access to it. The Catalog will show whether or not we have access to the electronic version and/or the print version. If the CMU library collection doesn't have what you're looking for, you can request an article scan via Interlibrary Loan.

Request materials through Interlibrary Loan  by following the instructions for ILLiad.

You can also search for specific articles by putting the article title in the PubMed or Google Scholar databases and following the instructions for finding full-text articles on the PubMed Tutorial and Google Scholar Tutorial tabs of this guide.

If you need help accessing articles, please contact the science librarian team at [email protected].

Search Tips for Finding Relevant Articles

  • START WITH A REVIEW ARTICLE . Review articles are excellent resources for finding a lot of primary research articles on a given topic. For example, if I'm interested in the development of visual cortical neurons, I could start my search by reading a recent review article on that topic and then look at the references section of the paper to find primary research articles.
  • FIND ONE OR A FEW RELEVANT PRIMARY RESEARCH ARTICLES . Having even a single relevant article of interest can be very useful in performing a literature search. You can look at the References section of that paper to find older related articles.But how do you find more recent articles that have used and cited the article of interest in their work? You can use Google Scholar  to find all of the more recent articles that have cited your article of interest.  This is a great way to understand how your article of interest has built on prior research and how it has influenced more recent research. In Google Scholar, you can find related articles by clicking on the " Related Articles " link. In  PubMed , you can find related articles by clicking on the title of the article and then the " Similar Articles " link in the right column.

Let's look at the example below. I want to find some relevant articles on the development of visual cortical neurons.

primary research article biology

Here, you can see my search for "development of visual cortical neurons" on Google Scholar. In this case, I'm interested in finding a relevant article that is fairly recent so I've set a filter on the left so that only articles published between 2016 and 2018 will appear in my search. The first hit, "Microglial P2Y12 is necessary for synaptic plasticity in visual cortex," looks particularly interesting to me.

I can see that 57 articles have cited this paper and I can click on the Cited by 57  link to see all of those articles. When I click on that link, I see the screen below. I can click on Sort by Date on the left and see that the most recent paper that cited " Microglial   P2Y12  is necessary for synaptic plasticity in visual cortex"  was published only two days ago! This is an excellent way of finding very recent relevant material. I can also click on the Related Articles  link to see articles that are on the same topic. PubMed has a similar link that shows up underneath articles called Similar Articles .

primary research article biology

Therefore, by finding a single relevant paper, we can easily find many more relevant articles by looking at the Reference section of " Microglial   P2Y12  is necessary for synaptic plasticity in visual cortex" , the Cited by  link, and also the Related Articles  link. Together, all of these articles will help us understand how the article, " Microglial   P2Y12  is necessary for synaptic plasticity in visual cortex,"  has contributed to the collective body of knowledge on this topic.

primary research article biology

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Articles and Primary Literature in Biology

Databases for finding articles.

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In the sciences, a primary source describes original research, while a secondary source analyzes or comments on a primary source or sources.   For example, a research article is primary literature because it describes an original experiment and its results, while a review article is secondary literature because it collates multiple research articles to describe the current state of the field.

Examples of primary sources: 

  • Research articles
  • Theses and dissertations
  • Conference proceedings
  • Patents 
  • Unrefined data sets 

Examples of secondary sources:

  • Review articles
  • Data compilations

The databases below can help you find primary literature in the sciences. While searching, you can narrow your results to primary literature by using filters on the left of the page.

  • Web of Science This link opens in a new window A large interdisciplinary database with a strong collection in the sciences. Filter for primary literature by selecting Article under Document Type on the left of the page. more... less... Easily explore an article bibliography, as well as sources that have cited the article since its publication, via the Citation Network feature. Create a free personal account to keep a comprehensive search history, create search alerts and citation alerts. Additional features related to author and journal profiles are available. Language: English, Russian, French, German, Chinese, Spanish, Japanese, Portuguese, etc. Keywords: Social Science Citation Index Science Citation Index Arts and Humanities Citation Index Conference Proceedings Citation Index Emerging Sources Citation Index WoS Knowledge
  • PubMed This link opens in a new window A massive biomedical database run by the NIH, with articles stretching back to the 1950s. Filter primary literature by selecting Clinical Trial under Article Type on the top left of the page. more... less... Includes advanced search tools such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and the Clinical Queries feature. Personalized MyNCBI account features, such as email alerts, are only available by leaving the Library's instance of PubMed and accessing the resource through the open web site (pubmed.gov). Language: English Keywords: Pub Med
  • AGRICOLA This link opens in a new window Why search here? Good for indexed citations in agriculture topics, food and human nutrition, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries, animal and veterinary sciences. Content type: Abstracts of scholarly articles, book chapters, theses, patents, technical reports. Coverage dates: 1970 - present more... less... Language: English Keywords: USDA
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BIO 191: General Biology I

  • Get Ready to Search
  • Find Articles
  • What is a Scholarly Article?
  • What is a Peer-Reviewed Article?

What is a Primary Research Article?

How do you identify primary research articles.

  • Cite Your Sources

Librarian for the Sciences

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In a primary research article, author(s) present a new set of findings from original research after conducting an original experiment. Think of what you do in any of your various lab activities. If you were to write a scholarly paper on any of your biology labs (like the Flowers and Pollinators lab from BIO 191), it would be a primary research article.

Primary research articles are also referred to as original research or research articles.

How to Identify Primary Research Article

  • Did the author(s) of the paper conduct the experiment themselves? This is the most important thing to look for in order to identify primary research. Look for language that indicates that the author(s) devised the experiment, carried it out, and analyzed the resulting data themselves.
  • "Methods"/"Materials and Methods"/"Experimental Methods"(different journals title this section in different ways)
  • "Results"
  • "Discussion"

Here is One Example of a Primary Research Article and How to Determine that it is a Primary Research Article

"Effects of Salinity Stress on Survival, Metabolism, Limb Regeneration, and Ecdysis in UCA PUGNAX"

Read the Abstract

If you read the abstract, you can see that the author(s) themselves conducted an experiment:

  • "This study investigated physiological and metabolic changes in the molt cycle of U. pugnax..."
  • "For this study, a limb was removed and its regenerative growth was photographed every two days"
  • "...crabs were dissected, and the tissues collected were analyzed for their protein and carbohydrate contents."

Read the Headings

  • The article has Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion sections, all which indicate that the authors conducted an experiment and then analyzed the data they found.

Skim the Article

If you skim the article, it is clear that the authors tested a hypothesis using the scientific method. They are only really talking about research that was conducted by others in the "Introduction" section of the article, which is what you would expect for a primary research article.

Look for Textual Evidence

If you skim the article, you can easily find additional evidence that an experiment was conducted by the authors themselves.

  • [They collected their sample i.e. crabs.]
  • [They exposed their sample to different variables.]
  • [They used statistical methods to analyze their data.]
  • [They reported the results of their experiment.]
  • [They drew a conclusion from their experimental results.]
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Primary Articles

  • In a Primary Science Article, authors report on the results of their own experiment or investigation
  • Articles will often include a methods and results section which describes their specific study
  • Title, authors, and author affiliation
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • Results (with figures)

Review Articles

Review articles serve a different purpose than primary articles. They are written to summarize and synthesize studies by others on the same topic. This provides the research community with one article that summarizes the background and context as well as an overview of what is already known about a specific topic.

There are four types of review articles:

  • Identify gaps or weaknesses in scholarly literature
  • Systematic review articles include a specific time frame and research scope that can be very narrow
  • evaluate and synthesize findings
  • Form of systematic review
  • Uses statistical analysis of the findings from several studies on the same subject to identify common themes in the research
  • Authors use non-statistical methods to analyze quantitative findings

Anatomy of a Review Article:

Review articles look like research papers. They contain:

When in doubt, read the methods section to see if the authors are reporting on their personal research. If they are, it is a primary article.

Peer Reviewed or Scholarly Articles

Academic research articles are also called peer-reviewed or scholarly articles. To be considered a peer-reviewed article, it must be read and approved by other scholars in the same field.

A scholar writes an article and submits it to a scholarly journal. Before the article can be published it is sent out by the journal to a group of scholars in the same field. Those scholars read the article and either approve it or request changes before publication. Only after it has been approved can it be published by the journal.

This process helps ensure that information published in scholarly journals is accurate and reliable.

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  • Primary/Secondary Articles

Characteristics of a Primary Article

  • Presents original data and ideas from a scientific investigation reported by scientist and written for others in the field.
  • Reports the results of experiments, observations, and other scientific investigation.
  • Introduction
  • Methods (or Materials and Methods)
  • Acknowledgements, and  Literature Cited (or References)

Examples of Journals:  Science , Nature , Ecology (although they may have some secondary articles such as reviews or brief news items). Most of the journals from the American Society for Microbiology will include primary articles. 

Example of an article recommended by your professor: "Glutamine cannot support recombinant CHO cell growth and maintenance in the absence of glucose" in Process Biochemistry doi:10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00182-1 .

Characteristics of a Secondary Article

  • Synthesizes and summarizes results of original research.
  • Describes, interprets, analyzes and evaluates the original research.
  • Comments on and discusses the evidence provided by primary sources.
  • Written for a scientific audience or for a non-scientific audience.
  • Written by experts (scientists) or general writers.
  • Published in science magazines and may be published in some science journals.

Examples of Journals:  Scientific American , Science News , Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics .

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  • BIOSIS Previews This link opens in a new window Citations and abstracts of journal articles, scientific conference proceedings, books, and patents covering the life sciences and biomedical research.
  • PubMed This link opens in a new window Created by the National Library of Medicine and freely available via the internet and international in scope. It comprises more than 22 million citations for biomedical literature from biology, medicine, nursing, and life sciences journals as well as journals from many other fields. Citations may include links to full text content. (To order an article not owned by SU, work from the full PubMed article record. Click on the SU Full Text Search button in the upper right corner of the screen to find an interlibrary loan request form.)
  • ScienceDirect This link opens in a new window Online fulltext scholarly journal articles for a select number of titles the library subscribes to in print.
  • Academic Search Complete This link opens in a new window Search more than 13,300 periodicals, including full text for nearly 7,300 peer-reviewed journals. It features a mix of interdisciplinary scholarly journals, magazines, newspapers and books.
  • JSTOR This link opens in a new window Excellent source for full text scholarly journal articles in history, economics, education, philosophy, literature, African studies, Asian studies, African American studies, sociology, political science, science, and psychology.
  • Dissertations and theses A & I This link opens in a new window Includes citations for dissertations and theses from around the world, ranging from 1861 to those accepted last semester. Dissertations published from 1980 forward include 350-word abstracts; master's theses from 1988 forward include 150-word abstracts.

Look up an article by a citation

Use the Library Catalog to search for a specific journal article from its citation. The most useful way to search is to search for the title of the article in quotes. You can also search for a specific journal in the Library's eJournal Search. 

  • The Library Catalog Search for a specific article by title!
  • eJournal Search Search for a specific journal by journal name or ISSN.

Finding Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed Articles

You can find articles on biology topics and interdisciplinary science topics in several of these databases. Many of these databases have search tools that are specific to biology or other science subjects. You can request items that the library does not have access to through Interlibrary Loan at this link .

  • Ulrichsweb This link opens in a new window Ulrichsweb is an easy to search source of detailed information on more than 300,000 academic and scholarly journals, e-journals, peer-reviewed titles, popular magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and more. Ulrichsweb covers more than 900 subject areas.

More Science Databases

  • AGRICOLA This link opens in a new window Citations related to agriculture, animal science, chemistry, and natural resources. Books, Serials, AV and other materials are indexed.
  • bioRxiv An archive of unpublished preprints in the life sciences. Operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
  • Science.gov Search federal science information and government research. Searches databases and scientific websites.
  • Kew Bibliographic Databases Developed and maintained by researchers at the Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in the United Kingdom. Searches three databases regarding the human use and taxonomy of plants, gymnosperms, and ferns.
  • Research Library This link opens in a new window Search more than 5,000 titles, over 3,500 in full text. It features a mix of interdisciplinary scholarly journals, trade publications, magazines, and newspapers.
  • SciFinderⁿ This link opens in a new window Search for references, substances, reactions, patents, suppliers, and other chemical information. CAS SciFindern also includes relevance-ranked results, step-by-step procedures and protocols, citation mapping, sequence searching, retrosynthetic analysis, patent landscape mapping, touch-screen enabled structure drawing and more. First time users: First time users must register for an account
  • SciFinder Scholar New User Registration First-time Scifinder users must register for access.
  • IEEE Xplore This link opens in a new window Access to technical literature in electrical engineering, computer science, and electronics. Includes citations and full text from IEEE journals, transactions, conference proceedings & IEE publications. Useful for research in biomedical areas.

Biomedical Databases

  • AccessMedicine This link opens in a new window Contains searchable electronic biomedical textbooks with coverage for all areas of medicine. Good tool for background information and overviews of biomedical topics. Useful for evidence-based practice and research.
  • CINAHL with Full Text This link opens in a new window CINAHL Plus with Full Text is the premiere index for the nursing literature. It provides indexing for more than 2,700 journals with full text for more than 300 journals. Also covers alternative and complementary medicine, biomedicine, diagnostic ultrasound, gerontology, and public health.
  • Cochrane Library This link opens in a new window Up-to-date information on the effects of interventions in health care. Designed to provide information and evidence to support decisions taken in health care and to inform those receiving care. Excellent tool for evidence-based research on interventions.
  • ClinicalKey This link opens in a new window ClinicalKey provides full text access to selected medical texts, medical journals, practice guidelines, drug information, patient handouts, and CME materials

Finding popular science articles

Most of the databases on this page contain scholarly sources - articles that are written for biology researchers by biology researchers. Popular science articles are written by reporters for a general audience. Here are some places to find popular science articles. 

  • 60-second science podcast From Scientific American
  • National Institutes of Health News Releases The National Institutes of Health (NIH), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research.
  • National Science Foundation Biology News The mission of the NSF Directorate for Biological Sciences is to enable discoveries for understanding life. It advances the frontiers of biological knowledge, increases our understanding of complex systems, and provides a theoretical basis for original research in many other scientific disciplines.
  • New Scientist Breaking News
  • New York Times Science News
  • New York Times (Text only) This link opens in a new window Log in to access an unlimited number of NY Times articles through the Library's subscription.
  • Science Matters Newsletter from the EPA
  • ScienceBlogs
  • ScienceDaily Science news & press releases from around the world
  • Scienceline A project of the Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program in NYU's journalism institute
  • Scientific American Blog Network
  • The Scientist Magazine of the life sciences
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Nature: News and Views

Need an example of a News and Views article from the journal, Nature? Take a look at these recent articles:

  • News and Views: Suspect that modulates the heartbeat is ensnared
  • News and Views: Meet the relatives of our cellular ancestor
  • News and Views: An immune-cell signature marks the brain in Alzheimer's disease
  • News and Views: Senescent cells feed on their neighbours
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Primary article searching resources for bio 195n.

  • EndNote Resources For Bio195N
  • Short EndNote "How To" Videos Created by Bates Research Librarians This link opens in a new window
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Use the Scopus Article Database for Finding Primary Research Articles:

Scopus is an article index that is like Google Search if it only searched scholarly journal articles.

  • Scopus This link opens in a new window Sciences and social sciences journal article citations. Searchable by author affiliation and citation count. CogPrints ArXiv.org OAI US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) European Patent Office Japan Patent Office World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) UK Intellectual Property Office
  • Scopus Orientation Video Brief screen capture video highlighting many of the useful features of the Scopus article index.

Try Searching for Review Articles:

A review article is generally an extensive review of the literature which summarizes what is known about a specific area of research or discipline. Sometimes reading all or part of a review article can help you come up to speed quickly about the state of an area of research when the article was published.

Try Searching in a Single Journal:

If Bates has access to a specific journal, you can search within it very easily!

  • From the  Ladd Library home page , select the " Journals by Title" link beneath the Library Search box.
  • On the resulting new page enter the title or ISSN of the journal you want to search.
  • Select your desired journal from the search results and then use the "Search Inside" box to search for articles within the journal.
  • Next: EndNote Resources For Bio195N >>
  • Updated: Feb 15, 2024 2:22 PM
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primary research article biology

Subscribe to Scientific American!

This Genetically Engineered Petunia Glows in the Dark and Could Be Yours for $29

The engineered “firefly petunia” emits a continuous green glow thanks to genes from a light-up mushroom

Katherine Bourzac and Nature magazine

primary research article biology

Why So Many Savanna Animals Mate for Life

From jackals to hornbills, many grassland animals form a deep bond with their partner

Devin Farmiloe

primary research article biology

Why Do Birds Have Such Skinny Legs?

The songbirds in your backyard hop around on such itty-bitty legs. Here’s why bird legs are so skinny and how they can support a bird’s weight

Asher Elbein

primary research article biology

Weird ‘Obelisks’ Found in Human Gut May be Virus-Like Entities

Rod-shaped fragments of RNA called “obelisks” were discovered in gut and mouth bacteria for the first time

Joanna Thompson

primary research article biology

Females Dominate Males in Many Primate Species

Most primate societies have long been assumed to be male-dominated, but a new study shows many have females in charge or feature power sharing

primary research article biology

Is Bisexuality Genetic? It’s More Complex Than Some Studies Imply

The controversy over a recent paper on human bisexual behavior emphasizes how important it is not to overinterpret genetic studies of sexuality—and how easy it is to do so

Lauren Leffer

primary research article biology

Why Do Dogs Wag Their Tail?

Is your dog’s tail-wagging a side effect of domestication, or did humans select for it?

Tom Metcalfe

primary research article biology

A Dog Breed’s Size and Face Shape Might Predict How Long It Lives

Traits such as face shape, size and sex help predict a dog breed’s life span

Jack Tamisiea

primary research article biology

Why Does the Same Temperature Feel Hotter or Colder in Different Places?

The answer isn’t just about temperature. Our physiology, psychology and clothing choices also factor in

Amanda Heidt

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primary research article biology

Plants, Like People, Succumb to Anesthesia

Putting plants under may help solve the enduring mystery of how anesthesia works

primary research article biology

Four New Octopus Species Discovered in the Deep Sea

Enigmatic octopuses that have been newly discovered in the waters off Costa Rica add to a growing registry of deep-sea dwellers

Special Report

A Question of Sex

A Question of Sex

Watch this documentary series about how gender and sex biases skew science

primary research article biology

These Salamanders Steal Genes and Can Have up to Five Extra Sets of Chromosomes

Unisexual salamanders in the genus Ambystoma appear to be the only creatures in the world that reproduce the way they do. Researchers know how, but the why is still being figured out...

July 31, 2023

primary research article biology

Mysterious Microbes in Earth's Crust Might Help with the Climate Crisis

March 29, 2023

primary research article biology

Inside the Scientific Quest to Save (Most of) the World's Parasites

March 13, 2023

primary research article biology

Can We Stop Aging?

February 1, 2023

primary research article biology

The Clitoris Has Been Lost to Science for Centuries, but It's Making a Comeback

December 15, 2022

How Does the World's Largest Seabird Know Where to Fly?

How Does the World's Largest Seabird Know Where to Fly?

The surprising health benefits of dog ownership, podcasts of the year: what better gift for the holidays than a monstrous mystery, are orcas friends or foes, these researchers put sperm through a kind of 'hunger games'.

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  • Research Articles & Papers

Korunes, KL; Myers, RB; Hardy, R; Noor, MAF

Drosophila pseudoobscura is a classic model system for the study of evolutionary genetics and genomics. Given this long-standing interest, many genome sequences have accumulated for D. pseudoobscura and closely related species D. persimilis, D. miranda, and D. lowei. To facilitate the exploration… read more about this publication  »

Zipple, MN; Roberts, EK; Alberts, SC; Beehner, JC

Bartoš et al. (2021; Mammal Review 51: 143–153; https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12219) reviewed the mechanisms involved in the ‘Bruce effect’ – a phenomenon originally documented in inseminated female house mice Mus musculus, who block pregnancy following exposure to a novel (non-sire) male. They argue… read more about this publication  »

Byrne, M; Koop, D; Strbenac, D; Cisternas, P; Yang, JYH; Davidson, PL; Wray, G

The molecular mechanisms underlying development of the pentameral body of adult echinoderms are poorly understood but are important to solve with respect to evolution of a unique body plan that contrasts with the bilateral body plan of other deuterostomes. As Nodal and BMP2/4 signalling is involved… read more about this publication  »

Wang, Q; Xu, P; Sanchez, S; Duran, P; Andreazza, F; Isaacs, R; Dong, K

BackgroundInsects rely on their sense of smell to locate food and hosts, find mates and select sites for laying eggs. Use of volatile compounds, such as essential oils (EOs), to repel insect pests and disrupt their olfaction-driven behaviors has great practical significance in integrated pest… read more about this publication  »

Castano-Duque, L; Ghosal, S; Quilloy, FA; Mitchell-Olds, T; Dixit, S

Rice production is shifting from transplanting seedlings to direct sowing of seeds. Following heavy rains, directly sown seeds may need to germinate under anaerobic environments, but most rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes cannot survive these conditions. To identify the genetic architecture of complex… read more about this publication  »

Peng, L; Shan, X; Wang, Y; Martin, F; Vilgalys, R; Yuan, Z

Clitopilus hobsonii (Entolomataceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) is a common soil saprotroph. There is also evidence that C. hobsonii can act as a root endophyte benefitting tree growth. Here, we report the genome assembly of C. hobsonii QYL-10, isolated from ectomycorrhizal root tips of Quercus… read more about this publication  »

Yan, W; Wang, B; Chan, E; Mitchell-Olds, T

The genetic basis of flowering time changes across environments, and pleiotropy may limit adaptive evolution of populations in response to local conditions. However, little information is known about how genetic architecture changes among environments. We used genome-wide association studies (GWAS… read more about this publication  »

Doak, DF; Waddle, E; Langendorf, RE; Louthan, AM; Isabelle Chardon, N; Dibner, RR; Keinath, DA; Lombardi, E; Steenbock, C; Shriver, RK; Linares, C; Begoña Garcia, M; Funk, WC; Fitzpatrick, SW; Morris, WF; Peterson, ML

Structured demographic models are among the most common and useful tools in population biology. However, the introduction of integral projection models (IPMs) has caused a profound shift in the way many demographic models are conceptualized. Some researchers have argued that IPMs, by explicitly… read more about this publication  »

Kim, JH; Hilleary, R; Seroka, A; He, SY

A grand challenge facing plant scientists today is to find innovative solutions to increase global crop production in the context of an increasingly warming climate. A major roadblock to global food sufficiency is persistent loss of crops to plant diseases and insect infestations. The United… read more about this publication  »

Yuan, M; Jiang, Z; Bi, G; Nomura, K; Liu, M; Wang, Y; Cai, B; Zhou, J-M; He, SY; Xin, X-F

The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants possess a two-tiered innate immune system, called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (… read more about this publication  »

Benito-Kwiecinski, S; Giandomenico, SL; Sutcliffe, M; Riis, ES; Freire-Pritchett, P; Kelava, I; Wunderlich, S; Martin, U; Wray, GA; McDole, K; Lancaster, MA

The human brain has undergone rapid expansion since humans diverged from other great apes, but the mechanism of this human-specific enlargement is still unknown. Here, we use cerebral organoids derived from human, gorilla, and chimpanzee cells to study developmental mechanisms driving evolutionary… read more about this publication  »

Lofgren, LA; Nguyen, NH; Vilgalys, R; Ruytinx, J; Liao, H-L; Branco, S; Kuo, A; LaButti, K; Lipzen, A; Andreopoulos, W; Pangilinan, J; Riley, R; Hundley, H; Na, H; Barry, K; Grigoriev, IV; Stajich, JE; Kennedy, PG

While there has been significant progress characterizing the 'symbiotic toolkit' of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, how host specificity may be encoded into ECM fungal genomes remains poorly understood. We conducted a comparative genomic analysis of ECM fungal host specialists and generalists,… read more about this publication  »

Mitchell, RM; Ames, GM; Wright, JP

Background and aimsUnderstanding impacts of altered disturbance regimes on community structure and function is a key goal for community ecology. Functional traits link species composition to ecosystem functioning. Changes in the distribution of functional traits at community scales in response to… read more about this publication  »

DeMarche, ML; Bailes, G; Hendricks, LB; Pfeifer-Meister, L; Reed, PB; Bridgham, SD; Johnson, BR; Shriver, R; Waddle, E; Wroton, H; Doak, DF; Roy, BA; Morris, WF

Spatial gradients in population growth, such as across latitudinal or elevational gradients, are often assumed to primarily be driven by variation in climate, and are frequently used to infer species' responses to climate change. Here, we use a novel demographic, mixed-model approach to dissect the… read more about this publication  »

Shaw, EC; Fowler, R; Ohadi, S; Bayly, MJ; Barrett, RA; Tibbits, J; Strand, A; Willis, CG; Donohue, K; Robeck, P; Cousens, RD

Aim: If we are able to determine the geographic origin of an invasion, as well as its known area of introduction, we can better appreciate the innate environmental tolerance of a species and the strength of selection for adaptation that colonizing populations have undergone. It also enables us to… read more about this publication  »

Rushworth, CA; Mitchell-Olds, T

Despite decades of research, the evolution of sex remains an enigma in evolutionary biology. Typically, research addresses the costs of sex and asexuality to characterize the circumstances favoring one reproductive mode. Surprisingly few studies address the influence of common traits that are, in… read more about this publication  »

Jorge, JF; Bergbreiter, S; Patek, SN

Small organisms can produce powerful, sub-millisecond impacts by moving tiny structures at high accelerations. We developed and validated a pendulum device to measure the impact energetics of microgram-sized trap-jaw ant mandibles accelerated against targets at 105 m s-2 Trap-jaw ants (… read more about this publication  »

Markunas, AM; Manivannan, PKR; Ezekian, JE; Agarwal, A; Eisner, W; Alsina, K; Allen, HD; Wray, GA; Kim, JJ; Wehrens, XHT; Landstrom, AP

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic disease resulting in a prolonged QT interval on a resting electrocardiogram, predisposing affected individuals to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and sudden death. Although a number of genes have been implicated in this disease, nearly one in four… read more about this publication  »

Stone, DF; Mccune, B; Pardo-De La Hoz, CJ; Magain, N; Miadlikowska, J

The new genus Sinuicella, an early successional lichen, was found on bare soil in Oregon, USA. The thallus is minute fruticose, grey to nearly black, branching isotomic dichotomous, branches round, 20-90 μm wide in water mount. The cortex is composed of interlocking cells shaped like jigsaw puzzle… read more about this publication  »

Oita, S; Ibáñez, A; Lutzoni, F; Miadlikowska, J; Geml, J; Lewis, LA; Hom, EFY; Carbone, I; U'Ren, JM; Arnold, AE

Understanding how species-rich communities persist is a foundational question in ecology. In tropical forests, tree diversity is structured by edaphic factors, climate, and biotic interactions, with seasonality playing an essential role at landscape scales: wetter and less seasonal forests… read more about this publication  »

Hibshman, JD; Webster, AK; Baugh, LR

Standard laboratory culture of Caenorhabditis elegans utilizes solid growth media with a bacterial food source. However, this culture method limits control of food availability and worm population density, factors that impact many life-history traits. Here, we describe liquid-culture protocols for… read more about this publication  »

Caves, EM; Green, PA; Zipple, MN; Bharath, D; Peters, S; Johnsen, S; Nowicki, S

AbstractSensory systems are predicted to be adapted to the perception of important stimuli, such as signals used in communication. Prior work has shown that female zebra finches perceive the carotenoid-based orange-red coloration of male beaks-a mate choice signal-categorically. Specifically,… read more about this publication  »

Reed, PB; Peterson, ML; Pfeifer-Meister, LE; Morris, WF; Doak, DF; Roy, BA; Johnson, BR; Bailes, GT; Nelson, AA; Bridgham, SD

Predicting species' range shifts under future climate is a central goal of conservation ecology. Studying populations within and beyond multiple species' current ranges can help identify whether demographic responses to climate change exhibit directionality, indicative of range shifts, and whether… read more about this publication  »

Sallee, JL; Crawford, JM; Singh, V; Kiehart, DP

Actin filament crosslinking, bundling and molecular motor proteins are necessary for the assembly of epithelial projections such as microvilli, stereocilia, hairs, and bristles. Mutations in such proteins cause defects in the shape, structure, and function of these actin - based protrusions. One… read more about this publication  »

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primary research article biology

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College of Biological Sciences

College of Biological Sciences

Postdoctoral researcher explores regeneration in the "reemerging" hydra.

Ben Cox, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Celina Juliano, studies the regenerative capabilities of Hydra vulgaris to understand tissue regeneration after injury. (Sasha Bakhter / UC Davis)

  • by Samantha Stettnisch
  • February 15, 2024

Ben Cox, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of  Celina Juliano,  Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, studies regeneration in  Hydra vulgaris , a small cnidarian organism distantly related to the jellyfish. Cox is especially interested in tissue regeneration after injury and aims to determine how progenitor cells migrate and invade into injured tissues to restore lost cell populations, as well as how the extracellular matrix components are remodeled during this regeneration process.

Cox is a recipient of the Society for Developmental Biology’s (SDB)  Emerging Research Organism Grant , and spoke with the society about his developmental biology journey, his scientific outreach efforts, and why he considers  Hydra   vulgaris  to be a “reemerging organism.”

A lifelong passion for animals

Ben Cox

Majoring in biology at the University of Texas at Austin, Cox considered attending veterinary school as he has always loved working with animals. That he ended up in the world of developmental biology seems only fitting. Cox cites Sean B. Caroll’s  Endless Forms Most Beautiful , as well as guidance from Professor  Jennifer Moon  at University of Texas at Austin as the catalysts for his first delve into research. Moon put Cox in touch with his future undergraduate advisor,  Jeff Gross , with whom Cox studied zebrafish eye development and regeneration.

After college graduation, Cox worked as a lab technician for a year and a half in  Kyle Miller’s  lab at UT Austin. Cox studied the relationship between the human DNA damage response and cancer predisposition. He found this work compelling, but missed the beautiful imagery associated with development and regeneration and reentered the field through graduate school at Duke University. Cox joined  Ken Poss’s lab  as a Ph.D. student in the Genetics and Genomics program and studied cardiac regeneration in zebrafish. Here, Cox learned valuable lessons and techniques from Poss, including how important it is to develop your own toolkits for your organism.

Cox carried these techniques over to his current postdoc in the Juliano lab. Coming across the SDB Emerging Research Organism Grant call for applications, he questioned his advisor, “Does  Hydra  even qualify as an emerging model?”

Cox explained, “ Hydra  was studied for its regenerative capacities centuries ago, but fell out of favor as classic developmental genetic models such as fish, mice, flies, and worms solidified.” He states that Juliano and others in the field are bringing  Hydra  into the 21st century by taking advantage of new biotechnology such as CRISPR to develop transgenics, and siRNAs to modify gene expression.

The best of both worlds

Hydra

The aspects of  Hydra vulgaris  that make it such a promising emerging organism also present some of the greatest challenges of working with it. Because  Hydra  does not have an expansive database of previous work to reference, researchers need to develop their own tools, assays, and transgenic lines for their studies. Cox refers to this as “the gift and curse of being in the emerging research organism field.”

A dedicated SDB member, Cox is no stranger to the mission of science education and outreach. During his time at Duke, he co-hosted  The Endless Frontier  radio show, which highlighted lesser-known research and scientific findings in the news cycle. Cox interviewed scientists from various fields and facilitated conversational science discussions, aspiring to make complex science interesting and accessible for non-scientists. Radio was a particularly great medium for Cox as he is a music enthusiast, citing his expansive record collection as the “pride and bane of his existence.”

Cox’s favorite part of joining the SDB community is the annual SDB conference, at which he presented in the Hilde Mangold Postdoctoral Symposium this year in Chicago. He is drawn to the breadth of research subjects and organisms discussed at the conference each year. When asked about his favorite part of being a developmental biologist, Cox cites the diversity of research in the field.

“We have the best of both worlds in the sense that our research asks and can hopefully answer fundamental questions about how organisms form that can have some biomedical relevance. But we also get to be over in the ecology and evolutionary biology playground of studying as many cool and weird animals as we want.” 

For those looking to break into the developmental biology field, Cox says: “Be open to different research opportunities and research questions. If you have that passion for the questions, it’s transferable to different research projects.” He added, “Not limiting yourself to only working on one organism or one question is an important way to make sure you’re experiencing the breadth of what scientific research has to offer.

Media Resources

  • Samantha Stettnisch is a communications intern at the Society for Developmental Biology.
  • This article originally appeared on the Society for Developmental Biology's website .

Primary Category

Secondary categories.

UNESCO and EMBL invite female scientists from Africa to apply for 2024 residency in infection biology

Scientist works with a pipette and a test tube.

This is the second edition of this residency programme. The first two beneficiaries in 2023 were Tendai Washaya , a 29 year-old PhD fellow from the University of Zimbabwe, and an early-career faculty, Adwoa Padiki Nartey from the University of Ghana.

This year’s successful candidates will be funded through EMBL’s Scientific Visitor Programme Office under its Infection Biology Transversal Theme .

Each of the successful candidates will be hosted by one of the five participating group leaders for this theme, based in Heidelberg (Germany), Barcelona (Spain), Grenoble (France) or Cambridge (Hinxton, UK).

Each research group at these sites is addressing a diverse set of research questions related to infection and host–pathogen interaction.

Each successful candidate will work on a project proposed by the selected group leader, as advertised on the fellowship website, and will be mentored in order to give her new skills to strengthen her own research project at home. In addition, the candidate will have the opportunity to participate in progress meetings, weekly seminars and social activities involving her research group and the wider institute, thereby expanding her professional network.

Applications are especially welcome from eligible candidates who have already been recipients of endowments from the L’Oréal–UNESCO For Women in Science programme or who are involved in the work of the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World, a UNESCO programme unit.

This residency is offered within the framework of the memorandum of understanding signed by UNESCO and EMBL in 2022. Under this agreement, both partners undertake to promote equality, diversity and inclusiveness in science, notably by fostering implementation of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science adopted in November 2021, the UNESCO Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers adopted in November 2017 and EMBL’s Molecules to Ecosystems programme, which runs from 2022 to 2026.

More information

For more information, please contact [email protected]

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Collection  12 March 2020

Top 50 Life and Biological Sciences Articles

We are pleased to share with you the 50 most read Nature Communications  articles* in life and biological sciences published in 2019. Featuring authors from around the world, these papers highlight valuable research from an international community.

Browse all Top 50 subject area collections here .

*Based on data from Google Analytics, covering January-December 2019 (data has been normalised to account for articles published later in the year)

primary research article biology

Genome-wide analysis identifies molecular systems and 149 genetic loci associated with income

Household income is used as a marker of socioeconomic position, a trait that is associated with better physical and mental health. Here, Hill et al. report a genome-wide association study for household income in the UK and explore its relationship with intelligence in post-GWAS analyses including Mendelian randomization.

  • W. David Hill
  • Neil M. Davies
  • Ian J. Deary

primary research article biology

A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch

Birch pitch is thought to have been used in prehistoric times as hafting material or antiseptic and tooth imprints suggest that it was chewed. Here, the authors report a 5,700 year-old piece of chewed birch pitch from Denmark from which they successfully recovered a complete ancient human genome and oral microbiome DNA.

  • Theis Z. T. Jensen
  • Jonas Niemann
  • Hannes Schroeder

primary research article biology

A short translational ramp determines the efficiency of protein synthesis

Several factors contribute to the efficiency of protein expression. Here the authors show that the identity of amino acids encoded by codons at position 3–5 significantly impact translation efficiency and protein expression levels.

  • Manasvi Verma
  • Junhong Choi
  • Sergej Djuranovic

primary research article biology

Early coauthorship with top scientists predicts success in academic careers

By examining publication records of scientists from four disciplines, the authors show that coauthoring a paper with a top-cited scientist early in one's career predicts lasting increases in career success, especially for researchers affiliated with less prestigious institutions.

  • Tomaso Aste
  • Giacomo Livan

primary research article biology

Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India

Remains of several hundred humans are scattered around Roopkund Lake, situated over 5,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan Mountains. Here the authors analyze genome-wide data from 38 skeletons and find 3 clusters with different ancestries and dates, showing the people were desposited in multiple catastrophic events.

  • Éadaoin Harney
  • Ayushi Nayak

primary research article biology

Ketamine can reduce harmful drinking by pharmacologically rewriting drinking memories

Memories linking environmental cues to alcohol reward are involved in the development and maintenance of heavy drinking. Here, the authors show that a single dose of ketamine, given after retrieval of alcohol-reward memories, disrupts the reconsolidation of these memories and reduces drinking in humans.

  • Ravi K. Das
  • Sunjeev K. Kamboj

primary research article biology

Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR Treatments Eliminate HIV-1 in a Subset of Infected Humanized Mice

Here, the authors show that sequential treatment with long-acting slow-effective release ART and AAV9- based delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 results in undetectable levels of virus and integrated DNA in a subset of humanized HIV-1 infected mice. This proof-of-concept study suggests that HIV-1 elimination is possible.

  • Prasanta K. Dash
  • Rafal Kaminski
  • Howard E. Gendelman

primary research article biology

XX sex chromosome complement promotes atherosclerosis in mice

Men and women differ in their risk of developing coronary artery disease, in part due to differences in their levels of sex hormones. Here, AlSiraj et al. show that the XX sex genotype regulates lipid metabolism and promotes atherosclerosis independently of sex hormones in mice.

  • Yasir AlSiraj
  • Lisa A. Cassis

primary research article biology

Early-career setback and future career impact

Little is known about the long-term effects of early-career setback. Here, the authors compare junior scientists who were awarded a NIH grant to those with similar track records, who were not, and find that individuals with the early setback systematically performed better in the longer term.

  • Benjamin F. Jones
  • Dashun Wang

primary research article biology

Ideological differences in the expanse of the moral circle

How do liberals and conservatives differ in their expression of compassion and moral concern? The authors show that conservatives tend to express concern toward smaller, more well-defined, and less permeable social circles, while liberals express concern toward larger, less well-defined, and more permeable social circles.

  • Jesse Graham

primary research article biology

A metabolic profile of all-cause mortality risk identified in an observational study of 44,168 individuals

Biomarkers that predict mortality are of interest for clinical as well as research applications. Here, the authors analyze metabolomics data from 44,168 individuals and identify key metabolites independently associated with all-cause mortality risk.

  • Joris Deelen
  • Johannes Kettunen
  • P. Eline Slagboom

primary research article biology

New insects feeding on dinosaur feathers in mid-Cretaceous amber

Numerous feathered dinosaurs and early birds have been discovered from the Jurassic and Cretaceous, but the early evolution of feather-feeding insects is not clear. Here, Gao et al. describe a new family of ectoparasitic insects from 10 specimens found associated with feathers in mid-Cretaceous amber.

  • Taiping Gao
  • Xiangchu Yin

primary research article biology

Acoustic enrichment can enhance fish community development on degraded coral reef habitat

Healthy coral reefs have an acoustic signature known to be attractive to coral and fish larvae during settlement. Here the authors use playback experiments in the field to show that healthy reef sounds can increase recruitment of juvenile fishes to degraded coral reef habitat, suggesting that acoustic playback could be used as a reef management strategy.

  • Timothy A. C. Gordon
  • Andrew N. Radford
  • Stephen D. Simpson

primary research article biology

Phagocytosis-like cell engulfment by a planctomycete bacterium

Phagocytosis is a typically eukaryotic feature that could be behind the origin of eukaryotic cells. Here, the authors describe a bacterium that can engulf other bacteria and small eukaryotic cells through a phagocytosis-like mechanism.

  • Takashi Shiratori
  • Shigekatsu Suzuki
  • Ken-ichiro Ishida

primary research article biology

Hippocampal clock regulates memory retrieval via Dopamine and PKA-induced GluA1 phosphorylation

The neural mechanisms that lead to a relative deficit in memory retrieval in the afternoon are unclear. Here, the authors show that the circadian - dependent transcription factor BMAL1 regulates retrieval through dopamine and glutamate receptor phosphorylation.

  • Shunsuke Hasegawa
  • Hotaka Fukushima
  • Satoshi Kida

primary research article biology

Agreement between two large pan-cancer CRISPR-Cas9 gene dependency data sets

Integrating independent large-scale pharmacogenomic screens can enable unprecedented characterization of genetic vulnerabilities in cancers. Here, the authors show that the two largest independent CRISPR-Cas9 gene-dependency screens are concordant, paving the way for joint analysis of the data sets.

  • Joshua M. Dempster
  • Clare Pacini
  • Francesco Iorio

primary research article biology

Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea

The authors build a reference phylogeny of 10,575 evenly-sampled bacterial and archaeal genomes, based on 381 markers. The results indicate a remarkably closer evolutionary proximity between Archaea and Bacteria than previous estimates that used fewer “core” genes, such as the ribosomal proteins.

primary research article biology

Pan-cancer molecular subtypes revealed by mass-spectrometry-based proteomic characterization of more than 500 human cancers

Mass-spectrometry-based profiling can be used to stratify tumours into molecular subtypes. Here, by classifying over 500 tumours, the authors show that this approach reveals proteomic subgroups which cut across tumour types.

  • Fengju Chen
  • Darshan S. Chandrashekar
  • Chad J. Creighton

primary research article biology

CRISPR-Switch regulates sgRNA activity by Cre recombination for sequential editing of two loci

Inducible genome editing systems often suffer from leakiness or reduced activity. Here the authors develop CRISPR-Switch, a Cre recombinase ON/OFF-controlled sgRNA cassette that allows consecutive editing of two loci.

  • Krzysztof Chylinski
  • Maria Hubmann
  • Ulrich Elling

primary research article biology

CRISPR-Cas3 induces broad and unidirectional genome editing in human cells

Class 1 CRISPR systems are not as developed for genome editing as Class 2 systems are. Here the authors show that Cas3 can be used to generate functional knockouts and knock-ins, as well as Cas3-mediated exon-skipping in DMD cells.

  • Hiroyuki Morisaka
  • Kazuto Yoshimi
  • Tomoji Mashimo

primary research article biology

Genetic evidence for assortative mating on alcohol consumption in the UK Biobank

From observational studies, alcohol consumption behaviours are known to be correlated in spouses. Here, Howe et al. use partners’ genotypic information in a Mendelian randomization framework and show that a SNP in the ADH1B gene associates with partner’s alcohol consumption, suggesting that alcohol consumption affects mate choice.

  • Laurence J. Howe
  • Daniel J. Lawson
  • Gibran Hemani

primary research article biology

The autophagy receptor p62/SQST-1 promotes proteostasis and longevity in C. elegans by inducing autophagy

While the cellular recycling process autophagy has been linked to aging, the impact of selective autophagy on lifespan remains unclear. Here Kumsta et al. show that the autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1 is required for hormetic benefits and p62/SQSTM1 overexpression is sufficient to extend C. elegans lifespan and improve proteostasis.

  • Caroline Kumsta
  • Jessica T. Chang
  • Malene Hansen

primary research article biology

The coincidence of ecological opportunity with hybridization explains rapid adaptive radiation in Lake Mweru cichlid fishes

Recent studies have suggested that hybridization can facilitate adaptive radiations. Here, the authors show that opportunity for hybridization differentiates Lake Mweru, where cichlids radiated, and Lake Bangweulu, where cichlids did not radiate despite ecological opportunity in both lakes.

  • Joana I. Meier
  • Rike B. Stelkens
  • Ole Seehausen

primary research article biology

Flagellin-elicited adaptive immunity suppresses flagellated microbiota and vaccinates against chronic inflammatory diseases

Gut microbiota alterations, including enrichment of flagellated bacteria, are associated with metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, Tran et al. show, in mice, that elicitation of mucosal anti-flagellin antibodies protects against experimental colitis and ameliorates diet-induced obesity.

  • Hao Q. Tran
  • Ruth E. Ley
  • Benoit Chassaing

primary research article biology

Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection

The reservoir for recurrent urinary tract infection in humans is unclear. Here, Mickiewicz et al. detect cell-wall deficient (L-form) E. coli in fresh urine from patients, and show that the isolated bacteria readily switch between walled and L-form states.

  • Katarzyna M. Mickiewicz
  • Yoshikazu Kawai
  • Jeff Errington

primary research article biology

Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation

Although it is known that microglia respond to injury and systemic disease in the brain, it is unclear if they modulate blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, which is critical for regulating neuroinflammatory responses. Here authors demonstrate that microglia respond to inflammation by migrating towards and accumulating around cerebral vessels, where they initially maintain BBB integrity via expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin-5 before switching, during sustained inflammation, to phagocytically remove astrocytic end-feet resulting in impaired BBB function

  • Koichiro Haruwaka
  • Ako Ikegami
  • Hiroaki Wake

primary research article biology

Mice with hyper-long telomeres show less metabolic aging and longer lifespans

Telomere shortening is associated with aging. Here the authors analyze mice with hyperlong telomeres and demonstrate that longer telomeres than normal have beneficial effects such as delayed metabolic aging, increased longevity and less incidence of cancer.

  • Miguel A. Muñoz-Lorente
  • Alba C. Cano-Martin
  • Maria A. Blasco

primary research article biology

Extracellular matrix hydrogel derived from decellularized tissues enables endodermal organoid culture

Organoid cultures have been developed from multiple tissues, opening new possibilities for regenerative medicine. Here the authors demonstrate the derivation of GMP-compliant hydrogels from decellularized porcine small intestine which support formation and growth of human gastric, liver, pancreatic and small intestinal organoids.

  • Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe
  • Claire Crowley
  • Paolo De Coppi

primary research article biology

Engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 for the delivery of matrix-tethered therapeutic domains to the gut

Anti-inflammatory treatments for gastrointestinal diseases can often have detrimental side effects. Here the authors engineer E. coli Nissle 1917 to create a fibrous matrix that has a protective effect in DSS-induced colitis mice.

  • Pichet Praveschotinunt
  • Anna M. Duraj-Thatte
  • Neel S. Joshi

primary research article biology

Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta

Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has been associated with impaired birth outcomes. Here, Bové et al. report evidence of black carbon particle deposition on the fetal side of human placentae, including at early stages of pregnancy, suggesting air pollution could affect birth outcome through direct effects on the fetus.

  • Hannelore Bové
  • Eva Bongaerts
  • Tim S. Nawrot

primary research article biology

Real-time decoding of question-and-answer speech dialogue using human cortical activity

Speech neuroprosthetic devices should be capable of restoring a patient’s ability to participate in interactive dialogue. Here, the authors demonstrate that the context of a verbal exchange can be used to enhance neural decoder performance in real time.

  • David A. Moses
  • Matthew K. Leonard
  • Edward F. Chang

primary research article biology

In-cell identification and measurement of RNA-protein interactions

RNA-interacting proteome can be identified by RNA affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry. Here the authors developed a different RNA-centric technology that combines high-throughput immunoprecipitation of RNA binding proteins and luciferase-based detection of their interaction with the RNA.

  • Antoine Graindorge
  • Inês Pinheiro
  • Alena Shkumatava

primary research article biology

A bacterial gene-drive system efficiently edits and inactivates a high copy number antibiotic resistance locus

Genedrives bias the inheritance of alleles in diploid organisms. Here, the authors develop a gene-drive analogous system for bacteria, selectively editing and clearing plasmids.

  • J. Andrés Valderrama
  • Surashree S. Kulkarni

primary research article biology

Flavonoid intake is associated with lower mortality in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health Cohort

The studies showing health benefits of flavonoids and their impact on cancer mortality are incomplete. Here, the authors perform a prospective cohort study in Danish participants and demonstrate an inverse association between regular flavonoid intake and both cardiovascular and cancer related mortality.

  • Nicola P. Bondonno
  • Frederik Dalgaard
  • Jonathan M. Hodgson

primary research article biology

Senescent cell turnover slows with age providing an explanation for the Gompertz law

One of the underlying causes of aging is the accumulation of senescent cells, but their turnover rates and dynamics during ageing are unknown. Here the authors measure and model senescent cell production and removal and explore implications for mortality.

  • Amit Agrawal

primary research article biology

Optimizing agent behavior over long time scales by transporting value

People are able to mentally time travel to distant memories and reflect on the consequences of those past events. Here, the authors show how a mechanism that connects learning from delayed rewards with memory retrieval can enable AI agents to discover links between past events to help decide better courses of action in the future.

  • Chia-Chun Hung
  • Timothy Lillicrap

primary research article biology

Mutant p53 drives clonal hematopoiesis through modulating epigenetic pathway

Ageing is associated with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which is linked to increased risks of hematological malignancies. Here the authors uncover an epigenetic mechanism through which mutant p53 drives clonal hematopoiesis through interaction with EZH2.

primary research article biology

A systematic evaluation of single cell RNA-seq analysis pipelines

There has been a rapid rise in single cell RNA-seq methods and associated pipelines. Here the authors use simulated data to systematically evaluate the performance of 3000 possible pipelines to derive recommendations for data processing and analysis of different types of scRNA-seq experiments.

  • Beate Vieth
  • Swati Parekh
  • Ines Hellmann

primary research article biology

Cryo-EM structure and polymorphism of Aβ amyloid fibrils purified from Alzheimer’s brain tissue

Alzheimer’s disease is characterised by the deposition of Aβ amyloid fibrils and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles. Here the authors use cryo-EM to structurally characterise brain derived Aβ amyloid fibrils and find that they are polymorphic and right-hand twisted, which differs from in vitro generated Aβ fibrils.

  • Marius Kollmer
  • William Close
  • Marcus Fändrich

primary research article biology

Droplet Tn-Seq combines microfluidics with Tn-Seq for identifying complex single-cell phenotypes

Culturing transposon-mutant libraries in pools can mask complex phenotypes. Here the authors present microfluidics mediated droplet Tn-Seq, which encapsulates individual mutants, promotes isolated growth and enables cell-cell interaction analyses.

  • Derek Thibault
  • Paul A. Jensen
  • Tim van Opijnen

primary research article biology

An artificial metalloenzyme biosensor can detect ethylene gas in fruits and Arabidopsis leaves

Existing methods to detect ethylene in plant tissue typically require gas chromatography or use ethylene-dependent gene expression as a proxy. Here Vong et al . show that an artificial metalloenzyme-based ethylene probe can be used to detect ethylene in plants with improved spatiotemporal resolution.

  • Kenward Vong
  • Katsunori Tanaka

primary research article biology

Artificially cloaked viral nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer therapy using oncolytic virus has shown pre-clinical and clinical efficacy. Here, the authors report ExtraCRAd, an oncolytic virus cloaked with tumour cell membrane and report its therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo in multiple mouse tumour models.

  • Manlio Fusciello
  • Flavia Fontana
  • Vincenzo Cerullo

primary research article biology

A transposable element insertion is associated with an alternative life history strategy

Tradeoffs are central to life history theory and evolutionary biology, yet almost nothing is known about their mechanistic basis. Here the authors characterize one such mechanism and find a transposable element insertion is associated with the switch between alternative life history strategies.

  • Alyssa Woronik
  • Kalle Tunström
  • Christopher W. Wheat

primary research article biology

Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula has a complex history. Here, the authors analyse the genetic structure of the modern Iberian population at fine scale, revealing historical population movements associated with the time of Muslim rule.

  • Clare Bycroft
  • Ceres Fernandez-Rozadilla
  • Simon Myers

primary research article biology

Single-cell transcriptomics of human T cells reveals tissue and activation signatures in health and disease

Immune cells are shaped by the tissue environment, yet the states of healthy human T cells are mainly studied in the blood. Here, the authors perform single cell RNA-seq of T cells from tissues and blood of healthy donors and show its utility as a reference map for comparison of human T cell states in disease.

  • Peter A. Szabo
  • Hanna Mendes Levitin
  • Peter A. Sims

primary research article biology

Genomic risk score offers predictive performance comparable to clinical risk factors for ischaemic stroke

Stroke risk is influenced by genetic and lifestyle factors and previously a genomic risk score (GRS) for stroke was proposed, albeit with limited predictive power. Here, Abraham et al. develop a metaGRS that is composed of several stroke-related GRSs and demonstrate improved predictive power compared with individual GRS or classic risk factors.

  • Gad Abraham
  • Rainer Malik
  • Martin Dichgans

primary research article biology

Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD + biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength associated with physical disability during ageing. Here, the authors analyse muscle biopsies from 119 patients with sarcopenia and age-matched controls of different ethnic groups and find transcriptional signatures indicating mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with reduced mitochondria numbers and lower NAD +  levels in older individuals with sarcopenia.

  • Eugenia Migliavacca
  • Stacey K. H. Tay
  • Jerome N. Feige

primary research article biology

NAD + augmentation restores mitophagy and limits accelerated aging in Werner syndrome

The molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the premature ageing Werner syndrome were elusive. Here the authors show that NAD + depletion-induced impaired mitophagy contributes to this phenomenon, shedding light on potential therapeutics.

  • Evandro F. Fang
  • Vilhelm A. Bohr

primary research article biology

Novel approach reveals genomic landscapes of single-strand DNA breaks with nucleotide resolution in human cells

Single strand breaks represent the most common form of DNA damage yet no methods to map them in a genome-wide fashion at single nucleotide resolution exist. Here the authors develop such a method and apply to uncover patterns of single-strand DNA “breakome” in different biological conditions.

  • Lorena Salazar-García
  • Philipp Kapranov

primary research article biology

Evaluation of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for species and strain-level microbiome analysis

Here, the authors explore the potential of the 16S gene for discriminating bacterial taxa and show that full-length sequencing combined with appropriate clustering of intragenomic sequence variation can provide accurate representation of bacterial species in microbiome datasets.

  • Jethro S. Johnson
  • Daniel J. Spakowicz
  • George M. Weinstock

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  1. Articles

    PDF Alpha-synuclein dynamics bridge Type-I Interferon response and SARS-CoV-2 replication in peripheral cells Increasing evidence suggests a double-faceted role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) following infection by a variety of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Although α-syn accumulation is known to contribute to cell toxic...

  2. PLOS Biology

    Animal and bacterial cells use shared mechanisms to defend against viruses. James Eaglesham and Philip Kranzusch explore a PLOS Biology study of three immune gene families which sheds light on this evolutionary connection and traces the emergence of antiviral signaling across domains of life. Image credit: pbio.3002481.

  3. A Guide to Biology: Find Primary Articles

    Often you will hear the phrase "primary articles" when starting biology research, meaning articles written by scientists reporting new research. These typically introduce the research with a review of previous research in the introduction, methodology, results, and discussion and/or conclusion.

  4. Research articles

    Read the latest Research articles from Nature Cell Biology. ... research articles. Research articles. Filter By: Article Type. All. All; Analysis (1) Article (1862) Brief Communication (210)

  5. Finding Research Articles

    PLOS Biology To access journals with paid content, you can go directly to the publisher's site and view all the content if you are on campus. If you are off-campus, go to the library homepage and click on Journals & Newspapers. It will give you options for finding articles from different years.

  6. Research Guides: Biology: Articles and Primary Literature

    Biology Articles and Primary Literature in Biology In the sciences, a primary source describes original research, while a secondary source analyzes or comments on a primary source or sources.

  7. What is a Primary Research Article?

    In a primary research article, author(s) present a new set of findings from original research after conducting an original experiment. Think of what you do in any of your various lab activities. If you were to write a scholarly paper on any of your biology labs (like the Flowers and Pollinators lab from BIO 191), it would be a primary research ...

  8. Browse Articles

    Huck-Hui Ng is a senior group leader at the Genome Institute of Singapore of A*STAR. In this article, Ng revisits the 2009 Nature Cell Biology study in which he and his team described the role of ...

  9. Primary and Review Articles

    Primary Research Articles in the Sciences Watch on Review Articles Review articles serve a different purpose than primary articles. They are written to summarize and synthesize studies by others on the same topic.

  10. PLOS Biology

    Research Articles are the backbone of PLOS Biology and the type of research we publish most frequently. We publish high-caliber research of any length, spanning the full breadth of the biological sciences, from molecules to ecosystems. We also consider works at the interface of other disciplines, including research of interest to the clinical ...

  11. Basic science is not just a foundation

    Fig. 1 Basic sciences and freedom to explore can come from many sources and can result in far-reaching effects, from training the next generation of scientists to advances in biotechnology and...

  12. Annotated primary scientific literature: A pedagogical tool for ...

    Annotated primary scientific literature is designed to help readers interpret complex science by overlaying additional information on a scientific research article. Preserving the original text and its context is what makes annotated primary scientific research literature unique from other genres that modify or rewrite the original text.

  13. Research Guides: Biology Resources: Primary/Secondary Articles

    Characteristics of a Primary Article Presents original data and ideas from a scientific investigation reported by scientist and written for others in the field. Reports the results of experiments, observations, and other scientific investigation. The body of the article usually contains the following sections: Abstract Introduction

  14. Lemieux Library: Biology: Articles and Primary Literature

    Biology Databases BIOSIS Previews Citations and abstracts of journal articles, scientific conference proceedings, books, and patents covering the life sciences and biomedical research. PubMed Created by the National Library of Medicine and freely available via the internet and international in scope.

  15. Cell biology

    P: 1-2 Micropolarized to the core Macromolecules can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation to form condensates that have critical roles in biological functions and dysfunctions. A new study...

  16. Find Primary Research Articles

    PLOS PLoS is an independent foundation that publishes, and makes freely available, peer-reviewed journals in the biomedical sciences. PubMed An index of journal articles about medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and public health from 1950 to the present. It includes MEDLINE and some additional sources as well. Citations only.

  17. Scientific Article Discovery

    Bates Biology Department On-Line Resources Page This link opens in a new window; Primary Article Searching Resources for Bio 195N. Use the Scopus Article Database for Finding Primary Research Articles: Scopus is an article index that is like Google Search if it only searched scholarly journal articles.

  18. Biology News and Research

    Biology coverage from Scientific American, ... Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Subscribe Now! Follow us. instagram;

  19. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular

    Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for ...

  20. Research Articles & Papers

    The Journal of Heredity. Rushworth, CA; Mitchell-Olds, T. Despite decades of research, the evolution of sex remains an enigma in evolutionary biology. Typically, research addresses the costs of sex and asexuality to characterize the circumstances favoring one reproductive mode. Surprisingly few studies address the influence of common traits ...

  21. PLOS Biology

    Scope. PLOS Biology is the flagship PLOS journal in the life sciences and features works of exceptional significance, originality, and relevance in all areas of biological science and at every scale; from molecules to ecosystems, including works at the interface of other disciplines. We also welcome data-driven meta-research articles that evaluate and aim to improve the standards of research ...

  22. Postdoctoral Researcher Explores Regeneration in the "Reemerging" Hydra

    Ben Cox, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Celina Juliano, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, studies regeneration in Hydra vulgaris, a small cnidarian organism distantly related to the jellyfish. Cox is especially interested in tissue regeneration after injury and aims to determine how progenitor cells migrate and invade into injured tissues to restore lost cell populations ...

  23. Biological sciences

    Biological sciences encompasses all the divisions of natural sciences examining various aspects of vital processes. The concept includes anatomy, physiology, cell biology, biochemistry and ...

  24. UNESCO and EMBL invite female scientists from Africa to apply for 2024

    Paris, 15 February - UNESCO and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) are launching their second call for applications from young female scientists working on infection biology in Africa. The successful candidates will conduct a short-term research project at one of EMBL's European sites later this year. The call targets PhD students and postdoctoral fellows, as well as early ...

  25. Molecular biology

    Molecular biology articles from across Nature Portfolio Atom RSS Feed Molecular Biology is the field of biology that studies the composition, structure and interactions of cellular...

  26. Top 50 Life and Biological Sciences Articles

    Top 50 Life and Biological Sciences Articles. We are pleased to share with you the 50 most read Nature Communications articles* in life and biological sciences published in 2019. Featuring authors ...