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The role of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to the sustainable development of sub-Saharan Africa and its challenges: a systematic review of evidence from Ethiopia

  • Ebrahim Endris   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9048-2351 1 &
  • Andualem Kassegn 1  

Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship volume  11 , Article number:  20 ( 2022 ) Cite this article

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Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) have a potential impact on achieving many of the sustainable development goals much greater than their size. This review aimed to investigate existing literature on the contribution of MSMEs to the sustainable development of Ethiopia and its challenges. The review provides a comprehensive and systematic summary of evidence and provides future research directions. A systematic review methodology was adopted through reviewing the available literature comprehensively including research articles, policy documents, and reports over the period 2011–2021 from ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ECONBIZ, IJSTOR, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. A search on these databases and grey literature returned 1270 articles; 87 papers were included in this review following screening of aticles using pre-determined criteria. The paper found that MSMEs significantly contributed to the sustainable development goals of Ethiopia through creating employment, alleviating poverty, and improving their living standards. However, the review has identified access to finance, access to electricity, and trade regulation are the major constraints for the development of the sector. The review outlines key policy implications to develop a comprehensive policy that alleviates the existing challenges of the sector and calls for further MSMEs impact evaluation research.

Introduction

Growth in the working age population is expected to be even more rapid, increasing by 265.8% in Africa and by 306.6% in sub-Saharan Africa, compared to 28.3% globally (Bhorat & Oosthuizen, 2020 ). Consequently, unemployment is a colossal problem in sub-Saharan Africa (Dey, 2012 ). Entrepreneurship can be a cure for Africa’s problems such as unemployment, inequality, low productivity, disconnect from global value chains, etc. (Devine & Kiggundu, 2016 ). The General Assembly adopted resolution 71/221 recognizes the important contribution entrepreneurship to sustainable development by creating jobs, driving economic growth and innovation, improving social conditions, and addressing social and environmental challenges (UN, 2018 ). Hence, investment in entrepreneurial ventures can contribute immensely to economic growth and job creation (Arko-Achemfuor, 2017 ) and thus jobs provide income, which improves living standards and consumption possibilities (IFC, 2013 ). Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are a major source of growth, innovation and jobs and their potential impact on achieving many of the sustainable development goals is much greater than their size (ITC, 2019 ). Therefore, there is a great interest of young people to start a business and many of them are willing to undertake risks and challenges of entrepreneurship (Papulová & Papula, 2015 ).

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Africa emphasize on labor-intensive sectors (SDG 8.2), increase small-scale enterprises’ access to affordable credit in support of decent job creation and entrepreneurship (SDG 8.3 and 9.3) (Brixiová et al., 2020 ). The informal sector (nonfarm) has been a growing source of employment for a large section of the African youth, but also for older workers trying to seize entrepreneurial opportunities. Its contribution to GDP and poverty reduction has been substantial, and it has become a major point of entry into the labor market (AFDB, 2019 ). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make crucial contributions to job creation and income generation. The promotion of SMEs has been a key area of intervention in recent years in view of the major employment challenges (ILO, 2015 ). For that reason, the employment share of the self-employed in low-income countries is almost five times (54%) the share in high-income countries (11%), and the employment share of micro-enterprises (2–9 employees) also much higher (ILO, 2019b ). Small and medium enterprises have embraced technological innovations in creating new opportunities as well as expanding their businesses. In particular, high mobile phone penetration has brought opportunities to SMEs in rural and urban areas of Africa (Amankwah-Amoah et al., 2018 ).

Ethiopia most important development priorities were job creation for the increasing supply of labor force which contributed in reducing poverty (NPC, 2016 ; WBG, 2018 ). Hence, the implementation of the micro and small enterprises (MSEs) development strategies given undue role to achieve these objectives (NPC, 2016 ). The revised MSE strategy focus on enhancing the competitiveness of MSEs, ensuring continued rural development through sustainable growth of MSEs, and making the subsector a foundation for industrial development (FMSEDA, 2011 ). During Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) I implementation period (2010/2011–2014/2015), construction sector was largest over other sector which accounts about 36.2%, followed by services with 20.8%, trade with 15.2%, manufacturing with 14.7% and urban agriculture accounts 13.1% employment through MSEs (EEA, 2015 ).

Establishment of MSEs strategy by itself cannot alleviate the problems facing MSEs and improve the development of the sectors (Hunegnaw, 2019 ). The ability of the firm to operate for longer time depends up on a proper tradeoff between management of investment in long-term and short-term funds (Dinku, 2013 ). The more rapid growth of small firms in Ethiopia is offset by a very high rate of firm failures (Page & Söderbom, 2015 ), this risk of business failure is high during the first 2–4 years of business operation (Woldehanna et al., 2018 ). Given the implication of MSMEs to the national development goals and it is a key development policy, there is little evidence that explore its role and prevailing challenges in a broader context. Hence, this review article aimed to provide an exploratory insight on the contribution of MSMEs in achieving sustainable development of Ethiopia and identify the prevailing challenges. The review contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence for these specific questions. (1) What is the role of MSMEs in attaining sustainable development goals of sub-Saharan Africa specifically Ethiopia? (2) What are the challenges hindering the development MSMEs in the country? This literature review identifies the specific research gaps uniquely relevant for future researches and policy direction for the development of the sector.

Review methodology

The review adopted a systematic literature review method, which offers an explicit, trustworthy, and reproducible method to minimize bias, thus providing more reliable findings for the evaluation and interpretation of previous research relevant to a particular field (Sniazhko & Muralidharan, 2019 ). The review based on extensive overview of relevant literature (research articles, policy documents, and reports) following a systematic review approach utilizing PRISMA guidelines (Liberati et al., 2009 ).

Literature search

The review retrieved from international databases using keywords identified. The literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, ECONBIZ, IJSTOR, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Web of Science and Scopus databases that provides large collection of articles. The literature search was done using the following keywords: ((“micro enterprise” OR “small enterprise” OR “enterprise” OR “sustainable development”) AND “Ethiopia” OR “Africa”) in the citation information, keywords and abstracts. Moreover, we conducted a snowball search by examining the reference lists of included studies to include additional relevant studies that might have been missed for a variety of reasons. In addition, national university research repository used to search relevant thesis and dissertation to obtain a comprehensive set of evidence. The review used secondary data extracted from international organization databases such as World Bank, IFC, ILO, and NBE to support the review with empirical evidences. These databases are recognized as the key sources for retrieving relevant, up-to-date articles in socio-economic field, and are commonly used by other scholars to conduct systematic review (Sniazhko & Muralidharan, 2019 ). The preliminary searches within the databases using the abovementioned keywords identified 1270 records.

Study identification and the screening and selection process

The two fundamental components in a systematic literature review are (i) deciding on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of studies, and (ii) assessing the quality of the studies to be included (Čablová et al., 2017 ). The preliminary extensive list of identified articles was narrowed down to specifically relevant literature through inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles retrieved from online database searches and different sources were collected in to Endnote Library. The articles identified in stage one was examined thoroughly to exclude the duplicated articles of the same titles that were available in multiple search databases. For the initial search, we set three inclusion criteria: (1) any literature that include at least one of key terms or words (2) literature written in English language, and (3) conducted over the last 10 years (2011–2021). In addition, filter criteria were applied to reduce the number of articles based on (1) articles published before 2011, (2) editorial comments, book reviews, and review articles, and (3) any literature out of the scope of this review were excluded. Then, repetitive articles, and articles not related to the subject using the inclusion criteria were excluded. By applying these inclusion and exclusion criterions, the search generated 210 records.

Our search identified 1270 retrieved records, which were reduced to 960 after removing duplicates. Two of the researchers (E.E and A.K.) who used the above criteria to determine paper eligibility to be included in the study, reviewed titles and abstracts independently. From theses, 210 articles were identified eligible for full-text review after screening title and abstracts for final inclusion. There are 123 articles excluded because no empirical evidence relevant for this review. Any disagreements regarding the exclusion of an article were resolved through a discussion among the authors, through multiple round reading when necessary to achieve consensus. The details of procedures presented in the PRISMA flow diagram (Fig.  1 ), and 87 studies finally reviewed comprehensively in an attempt to identify the findings within the articles. The findings in the articles synthesized qualitatively to provide answers for review questions.

figure 1

Study selection process (PISMA flow diagram)

Results and discussion

Implication of msmes towards sub-saharan africa sustainable development.

Entrepreneurial activity is crucial to the achievement of multiple SDGs, including SDG 1: “End poverty in all its forms everywhere”; SDG 8: “Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all”; SDG 10: “Reduce inequality within and among countries” (Bosma et al., 2020 ). The United Nations’ SDG 8 sets out a global consensus that business enterprises should aim for sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth and also ensure decent work and living environments for all (Lin & Koh, 2019 ). Small and medium-sized enterprises play a key role in job creation, providing two-thirds of all formal jobs in developing countries and 80% in low-income countries. The sustained success of SMEs depends on local conditions, such as public services, good corporate law and access to finance (EDFI, 2016 ). In addition, MSEs provides a substantial collective contribution to the national economy (White, 2018 ), contribute more than 50% of most African GDP and an average of 60% of employment (Muiruri, 2017 ). It employs the vast majority of any local labor force and has an integral role in any sustainable growth trajectory and it is ‘the missing link’ for inclusive growth (ITC, 2018 ). Although African SMEs generate about 80% of new jobs, they also account for most lost jobs (ILO, 2019a ). Micro enterprises in Ethiopia account the greatest share of employment from developing countries (IFC, 2013 ).

Investing in SMEs can contribute to 60% of the targets established in the SDGs and about $1 trillion additional SME investment help developing countries reach the SDGs. Small and medium enterprise contribute to 83% of SDG 8 (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all) targets, and 88% of SDG 9 (Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation) targets (ITC, 2019 ). Hence, financial stability in sub-Saharan Africa enhances entrepreneurial development which improve economic growth and accelerated achievement of SDGs (Babajide et al., 2020 ). There is a large concentration of enterprises in sub-Saharan Africa, 44 million MSMEs, of which 97% are micro-enterprises, of which the largest share (37 million MSMEs) accounted by Nigeria enterprise (IFC, 2017 ).

Even though, the contribution of MSEs to total employment and gross job flows were underestimated (Li & Rama, 2015 ), it contributed to economic growth through their operational activities, via job creation in Nigeria economy (Matthew et al., 2020 ) and micro-enterprises alone account for a staggering 97% of manufacturing sector employment in Ethiopia (Li & Rama, 2015 ). Entrepreneurship and new venture creation in South Africa emphasize on employment opportunities for MSMEs employees, and the social dimensions of poverty reduction approaches are broader than these economic imperatives (Rambe & Mosweunyane, 2017 ). Small-scale enterprises employment has absorbed over 49% of the increase in the labor force in five countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe). Similarly, about 80% of employment growth in Tanzania accounted by informal enterprises (Diao et al., 2018 ).

Problems in the development of enterprise in sub-Saharan Africa

Entrepreneurial activity in low-income countries dominated by individuals who are forced into starting their own business due to a lack of employment and typically not highly productive (Doran et al., 2018 ). The main challenges constrained SMEs contribution to local economic development of developing countries are lack of finance, lack of business skills, poor market access, and lack of operating space (Gebreyesus & Adewale, 2015 ). The contribution of MSMEs to sustainable development is constrained by unfavorable business environments, inadequate access to finance and high levels of informality (ITC, 2019 ). The challenges such as lack of access to finance, weak entrepreneurial attitudes, government policies, regulations and practices for entrepreneurs, and training are main constraints to SME development in sub-Saharan Africa (Achtenhagen & Brundin, 2016 ; Herrington & Coduras, 2019 ; IFC, 2011 ). Due to this, the core focus of the owner of MSMEs are personal financial survival rather than on growing and developing the business, which affected the success of small businesses. In these circumstances, profit made in the business is often spent on personal expenses rather than being reinvested into the business (IFC, 2020b ).

Accessing finance for entrepreneurship development in Africa is still continuing and new challenges to MSMEs (Atiase et al., 2017 ; Beck & Cull, 2014 ). Access to credit currently fails to support entrepreneurship development in Africa (Atiase et al., 2017 ; Wang, 2016 ), and SMEs have limited access to finance even though banks have sufficient liquidity (Brixiová et al., 2020 ). Most financial institutions undermine smaller enterprises and instead focus on big businesses that can provide the required collateral for their loans (Atiase et al., 2017 ). Difficulty to obtain formal credit were due to small capital of MSEs below critical collateral value (lack tangible assets as collateral) (Jin & Zhang, 2019 ), high risk premiums, and higher transaction cost to banks, as SMEs loan size are generally small (Quartey et al., 2017 ). Sub-Saharan Africa have low financial inclusion index (Ofori-Abebrese et al., 2020 ). Hence, access to finance remains the largest obstacle for SMEs in the region and 75% of enterprises were financed by internal funds and other 10% used traditional banking loans (Leke & Signé, 2020 ). For example, 79% of informal businesses have never obtained loan, and only 21% utilized bank loan in South Africa. From this, only 19% of formal businesses used a bank loan to start their business (IFC, 2020b ). In Tanzania, only 30% of MSMEs had access to financial services (Ishengoma, 2018 ). A large number of enterprises in sub-Saharan Africa are occasional enterprises that function for a limited period of the year. For instance, lack of profitability and a lack of finance the most important reasons for enterprise exit in Uganda (Nagler & Naudé, 2016 ). Furthermore, lack of finance and harsh business environment tends to constrain the growth of MSMEs in Uganda (Lakuma et al., 2019 ), access to finance is still a hurdle to MSMEs establishment in Lesotho (Khoase & Govender, 2013 ), and access to both debt and equity markets also affected micro-enterprises in South Africa (Fatoki, 2017 ).

The limitation of finance has an inhibiting effect on the growth of African firms (Fowowe, 2017 ). For example, financially constrained firms have 6.6% lower marginal revenue product of capital relative to unconstrained firms. Moreover, constrained firms are also more inefficient and less productive relative to unconstrained firms in sub-Saharan Africa. Constrained firms are 15% less efficient due to borrowing constraints compared to unconstrained firms (Amos & Zanhouo, 2019 ). For instance, SME access to bank finance can further increase the contribution of SMEs to the Ghanaian economy and increase their chances of survival and success through exports (Abor et al., 2014 ).

The low performances in sub-Saharan Africa attributed exclusively to factors outside firms, such as poor infrastructure and unfavorable governance (Mano et al., 2012 ). The risks faced by entrepreneurs in Nigeria SMEs arose from the increasing complexity and sophistication of the industrial sector and increasing macroeconomic instability (Ejembi & Ogiji, 2017 ). The operational environment of SMEs strongly indicate that their productivity is constrained by lack of adequate infrastructure as well as inefficient institutions in Nigeria (Effiom & Edet, 2020 ). The lack of business infrastructure hampers MSMEs’ ability to scale and grow in South African, lack of equipment as the second largest challenge at startup (IFC, 2020b ), and limited awareness of government program (Fatoki, 2017 ). The results further indicate that the majority of MSMEs had no access to public infrastructure, i.e., only 16% and 28% of MSMEs had access to electricity from the national grid and water from the public or municipal sources, respectively (Ishengoma, 2018 ).

The impact of COVID-19 on sub-Saharan Africa MSMEs

COVID-19 lockdowns and social distancing measures influenced the MSMEs operation. Finding from study carried out in 132 countries revealed that two-thirds of micro and small firms reported that COVID-19 has affected their business operations and one-fifth of SMEs confirmed they face risks of closing down permanently within 3 months (ITC, 2020 ). The COVID-19 outbreak has posed great challenges for the survival and growth of SMEs (Guo et al., 2020 ). The upheaval caused by the spread of COVID-19 have a devastating effect on small businesses. Moreover, the economic fallout from this pandemic get worse for small businesses and their employees (Liguori & Pittz, 2020 ). The feature of MSMEs such as more labor-intensive activity hurt during COVID-19 lockdowns, limited reserves and lack of collateral for new credit lines are key factors which make SMES highly vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (COMESA, 2020 ).

The study on 367 agri-food MSMEs from 17 low and middle income countries revealed that 94.3% of firm’s operations had been impacted by the pandemic, primarily through decreased sales as well as lower access to inputs and financing amid limited financial reserves. Moreover, 84% firms reported changing their production volume as a result of the pandemic; of these, about 13% reported stopping production and about 82% reported decreasing production (Nordhagen et al., 2021 ). The pandemic has severely affected about 37 million microenterprise and 28,000 SMEs due their lack of adequate cash buffers and access to finance. About 25 million micro-enterprises operating in tourism, hospitality, entertainment, and trade had to close or face significantly reduced operating hours (IFC, 2020a ). Therefore, COVID-19 is a substantial threat to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 3 and 8 in Nigeria (Ogisi & Begho, 2021 ). The pandemic severely hurt financial health of MSMEs in sub-Saharan Africa via reduced profit, turnover decrease, and liquidity crunch. The percentage of MSMEs that suffered due to the pandemic is presented (Table 1 ) for some countries for which data were obtained.

Role of MSMEs development in Ethiopia

Micro and small enterprise development is the primary strategy of GTP II to expand employment and reducing poverty particularly focusing on women and youths (NPC, 2016 ). The government of Ethiopia proposed MSEs as means of creating employment to millions of youths and achieving sustainable development goals. Hence, there is policy support leads SMEs generating more employment compare to large firms (Ashenafi, 2014 ). Therefore, the contribution of MSEs to employment creation is much higher (99%) than that of medium and large enterprises (1%) (Abera et al., 2019 ). A sizable number of people are employed in small-scale tourism enterprises with a decent average monthly income that can improve their living standard in Hawassa City (Tamene & Wondirad, 2019 ). Similarly, MSEs program had led to positive outcomes on the income and livelihood of beneficiaries in Bahir Dar City (Melese, 2017 ). With respect to sector contribution, manufacturing and construction enterprise ranked first and second, respectively, in creating job opportunities for job seekers in Kolfe-Keranio Sub-City, Addis Ababa (Tafa, 2019 ). Manufacturing and urban agriculture sector provide huge contribution in reducing food insecurity of operators in Mecha district (Yimesgen, 2019 ).

The conceptual framework on the role MSMEs towards SDGs is presented in Fig.  2 . The framework showed that MSMEs has positive implication in meeting SDG 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, and 12 (Bosma et al., 2020 ; ITC, 2019 ; Lin & Koh, 2019 ).

figure 2

Framework on MSMEs contribution to sustainable development. Source: own sketch based on literature review

Employment in micro-enterprises leveled as high in terms of its extent of importance to poverty reduction (Kidane et al., 2015 ). It have played a positive role in women’s livelihood by creating employment opportunity for those who are in need of job and with low level of income, empowered them socially and economically (Admasu, 2016 ; Menda, 2015 ). In addition, entrepreneurs have created job opportunities to others while also contributing to local economy and communities through income tax payment. It provides annual average of minimum 5–7 and maximum 17–23 employment opportunities in the last 5 years. The annual average income of the enterprises was at the minimum ranging between 30,000–50,000 Birr and maximum ranging between 141,001–200,000 Birr (Hiluf, 2018 ). The distribution of MSEs established and number of employment opportunities in the enterprise varying across years. Based on Fig.  3 , the number of enterprise and employment in MSEs was largest in 2014/2015.

figure 3

Number of enterprise and employment created in Ethiopia. Source: authors calculation from NBE (2020)

Challenges of MSME in Ethiopia

Financing msmes in ethiopia.

Access to finance improve the survival rates, productivity and competence of MSEs. These enterprises in Debre-Markos town obtained from microfinance, Iqub , Idir , own capital and relatives than large banks (Tadesse, 2014 ). The main sources of initial capital for MSE’s are microfinance institution followed by bank and own capital (Alemu, 2018 ). Insufficient credit services for youth is a challenge in implementing rural youth economic development (Abdi, 2019 ). Financial institutions’ reluctance to give credit to young SMEs due to fear that firms may be defaulter (Nega & Hussein, 2016 ). The revolving funds of 10 billion birr for MSEs (FDRE, 2017 ) were not enough to ease financial challenges of the sector. The existence of inadequate loan size, borrowing cost and collateral requirement (Goshim & Tefera, 2018 ; Sissay, 2016 ; Tadesse, 2014 ), and high rate matching fund and liquidity problem for matching fund (Abeiy, 2017 ; Amentie et al., 2016 ; Sissay, 2016 ) constrained MSEs access to finance in Ethiopia. Moreover, loan duration affects MSEs access to finance from formal financial institutions (Petros, 2017 ; Tadesse, 2014 ). The business firms’ obstacle in Ethiopia (Fig.  4 ) showed that finance and electricity were the first and second major challenges in Ethiopia. As depicted in Fig.  5 , finance is a major barrier and high loan rejection rate for MSEs than medium enterprises.

figure 4

Financial challenges across enterprise size. Source: Author calculation from World Bank enterprise survey (2015)

figure 5

Financial challenges across enterprise size. Source: author calculation from IFC database (2019)

Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) needs business knowledge, skills and entrepreneurial orientation to profitably operate their business consistently in the existing business dynamics (Ghebremichael & Kassahun, 2014 ; Tarekegn et al., 2018 ). However, there are personal factor such as lack of business vision, risk averse of members, personal business exposure aggravate MSEs members dropout (Daba & Atnafu, 2016 ). The impact of aspiration to expand existing business and starting additional new business on growth of the MSEs is much higher for small enterprise compared to microenterprise (Amha, 2015 ).

Barriers against the development of MSMEs in Ethiopia

The existence of favorable working environment like government played a key role in the growth and development of MSEs (Hailu, 2016 ; Yimesgen, 2019 ). This support service program on average increased Dire Dawa MSEs monthly sales by 28%, employement by 42%, and capital asset formation by 60% (Eshetu et al., 2013 ). However, these supports are not sufficient for the development of micro and small enterprise (Hailu, 2016 ). In addtion, lack of training to start their own venture (Tewolde & Feleke, 2017 ), lack of awareness about the contribution and accessibility of consultancy service are the major problem of enterprises (Kidane et al., 2015 ). The ease of obtaining licenses to SMEs in Ethiopia was  better relative to sub-Saharan Africa region (Table 2 ).

Micro and small enterprises were formally registered when they start operation in Ethiopia. The challenge of informal competitor lower in Ethiopia than sub-Saharan Africa and its effect decrease as firms grow from small to large enterprises (Fig.  6 ). This is due to large firms have the capacity to compete at large scale than small enterprise. Informal firms are also more credit constrained compared to formal firms (Aga & Reilly, 2011 ).

figure 6

Informality of small and medium enterprise. Source: author calculation from World Bank Enterprise database (2020)

Micro and small enterprise access to sufficient premises in proper location increases enterprises financial performance (Ababiya, 2018 ). Poor infrastructure (Abeiy, 2017 ; Kinati et al., 2015 ) would cause more than 25% worktime loss daily due to power interruption (Cherkos et al., 2018 ) and business location identified as significant factors that hinder the growth of enterprises (Batisa, 2019 ). Power outages affected firms’ productivity, and the overall total cost due to outage increased by approximately 15% of firm’s aggregate cost (Abdisa, 2018 ). The cost of power outages for MSMEs in Addis Ababa is substantial, and a reduction of one power outage corresponds to a tariff increase of 16% (Carlsson et al., 2018 ). The location of enterprise effect on business performance raises two different arguments. Empirical evidences showed that MSEs desire to established in the center of town for attracting large customers even though rent in the downtown is high (Yimesgen, 2019 ). The second argument showed that MSEs that operate out of town have better performance. This is because MSEs have easy access for input and potential for business expansion (Kebeu, 2014 ). Entrepreneurial opportunities were increasing in Ethiopia, as presented in Fig.  7 over the 5 years. The score of ease of doing business increased over the last 5 years. However, the score of getting credit is stagnant which indicates access to finance were the long existing challenge of MSMEs development in Ethiopia.

figure 7

Performance of doing business in Ethiopia. Source: author calculation from World Bank Enterprise database (2020)

The presence of market linkage enables MSEs to supply their produce and acquire inputs in the commercial value chain, which create jobs and improve efficiency of enterprises. However, the existing vertical linkage between MSEs and large enterprises are very limited, and limited access to raw materials (Mechalu, 2017 ; Mohammed & Beshir, 2019 ) and high cost of raw materials are major challenges of MSEs (Seifu, 2017 ). The absence of market linkage identified the critical problems of enterprises (Daba & Amanu, 2019 ; Dabi, 2017 ). Furthermore, there are weak institutional and sectoral linkages (Abera et al., 2019 ). As a result, informal linkages have a significant role to access market (Hadis & Ali, 2018 ).

Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) has been a key area of intervention to sustainable development specifically in growing youth population of sub-Saharan Africa. Given the implication of MSMEs in national development goals and it is a key development policy, there is little evidence particularly at broader context. Hence, this review article presents a systematic review of studies on the contribution of MSMEs in achieving sustainable development of Ethiopia and identifies the prevailing challenges. The paper has also demonstrated that MSMEs has myriad role in economy growth, poverty reduction, industrialization and livelihood as a whole. Micro enterprises in Ethiopia account the greatest share of employment from developing countries. Investing in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can contribute in some measure to 60% of the targets established in the SDGs. Manufacturing sector of Ethiopia micro-enterprises account for a staggering 97% of employment, 80% of employment growth in Tanzania accounted largely by informal enterprises. The review pointed that employment in micro-enterprises leveled as high in terms of its extent of importance to poverty reduction, empowered women socially, economically, and contributing to local economy and communities through income tax payment in Ethiopia.

The review revealed that lack of access to finance, poor infrastructure, and entrepreneurial attitudes are main challenges facing MSMEs in sub-Saharan Africa. Access to finance remains the largest obstacle for enterprises in the region. The problems became severe in time of crisis such as COVID-19 that lead two-thirds of micro and small firms in crisis and one-fifth of SMEs face risks of closing down permanently. The existence of inadequate loan size, borrowing cost and collateral requirement constrained MSEs in getting access to finance thereby the development of micro and small enterprise in Ethiopia. In addition, poor infrastructures are the main constraint that lead MSMEs to high worktime loss, reduce productivity, and increased cost of enterprise production.

Recommendations and future research directions

Based on the review of studies, key implications for policy and future research include:

It is essential to unlock entrepreneurship potential through integrated multi-sectoral and sustainable approach. Policy measures should prioritize inclusive financing schemes to vulnerable and marginalized entrepreneurs and enterprises that support business recovery during the crisis, and development of MSMEs.

In addition, strong intervention to infrastructure development particularly electricity supply, working premise that increase ease of doing business and sustainable development of the country.

Furthermore, this review calls for further research that focus on areas not given sufficient research attention such as the impact of MSMEs in achieving SDG 1 (No poverty), SDG 2 (Zero hunger), SDG 9 (Industrialization), SDG 12 (Responsible consumption and production). Future research needs to address ways to overcome the challenges hindering MSMEs’ development.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

Ethiopia Economic Association

Federal Micro and Small Enterprises Development Agency

Growth and Transformation Plan

Micro and small enterprises

Micro, small and medium enterprises

National Bank of Ethiopia

National Plan Commission of Ethiopia

Sustainable development goals

Small and medium enterprises

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Ebrahim Endris is lecturer and researcher in the Department of Agricultural Economics at Woldia University, Ethiopia. He received his M.Sc and B.Sc from Haramaya University. Andualem Kassegn is lecturer and researcher in the Department of Agricultural Economics at Woldia University, Ethiopia. He has M.Sc in Agricultural Economics from Wollo University and BA in Economics from Mekelle University.

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Endris, E., Kassegn, A. The role of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to the sustainable development of sub-Saharan Africa and its challenges: a systematic review of evidence from Ethiopia. J Innov Entrep 11 , 20 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-022-00221-8

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Growing Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in Ethiopia

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50 Best Business ideas in Ethiopia You Can Start Today

By: Author Tony Martins Ajaero

Home » Africa

Doing Business in Ethiopia

Do you want to you start a business in Ethiopia? If YES, here are 50 best small scale business ideas and investment opportunities in Ethiopia you can start.

The economy of Ethiopia is growing stronger with each passing day. This has led to an increase in business opportunities in the country. We have compiled for you a list of the top 50 business ideas that you could consider to make the most of the present economic boom.

Best Business ideas in Ethiopia

1. agriculture and food processing.

This is an important industry in Ethiopia. Accounting for over 85% of employment for the people of Ethiopia, agriculture is vital. There are different types of crops that can be grown in the country ranging from cereals to fibre crops and flowers, to teas and coffee plantations, etc.

Forestry is also an important resource in the country along with fisheries. Also, commercial processing of produce and raw materials gotten from agriculture provides an opportunity for business in Ethiopia.

2. Manufacturing Industry

The Ethiopian economy today provides excellent opportunities in the manufacturing industry, especially in the clothing and textile sector. Other top rising manufacturing sectors to invest in include food and beverages, leather, metallurgy, electronics and so on.

Although, you may require a considerable amount of capital to start a manufacturing firm, it is one of the most lucrative businesses to venture into. Most of the top entrepreneurs out there are owners of successful manufacturing companies and plants.

3. Real Estate

This industry is growing at an alarming rate in Ethiopia. The construction and real estate industry is increasing in demand in all parts of the country.

A simple drive around the country’s capital city Addis Ababa will show you a large number of luxurious apartments and villas occupying previously empty landscapes. This industry is growing every day, providing opportunities for new business aspirants.

4. Vending machines

Vending Machine Business

Most people in Ethiopia are always on the move and would not like to waste precious time in the process of buying things. This has led to an increase in the demand for vendors and their machines.

A vending machine for the sale of small items like drinks, snacks, water, milk, juice, newspapers, cigarettes, etc. can be installed in different strategic places to meet the immediate needs of people on the go. This is a splendid business idea for busy places like a bus terminus, schools or colleges or even a busy residential area in Ethiopia.

5. Milling Plants (Wheat and Maize)

There is a rise in the demand for wheat and maize flour in the country. This is due to the increase in population in Ethiopia.

This has led to an opening for local business opportunities for Ethiopian people. Whether the grains are brought for milling by the customer, or the mills produce flour in large amounts and it is packaged and sold to wholesalers and retailers, this business is quite viable.

6. Event management and Party planning

There is never a dearth of parties in Ethiopia. Several events ranging from company events, religious and entertainment events to weddings, birthdays, etc. take place all the time all around the country. But planning for these events are usually stressful and time consuming.

The organizers of these events may not have the chance to do the planning and would need other people to do it for them. Event planners are usually well paid depending on the size of the event or party. Planning these events can give you an impressive income yearly.

7. Consultancy

If problem solving comes easy to you or friends and colleagues often come to you for assistance or help on certain areas, then you could have a business opportunity in your hands. You can offer your services to people at a stipulated rate.

Companies and business organizations need persons known as consultants, to help them achieve their visions and missions. Even average individuals need help too. All these people and bodies will be willing to pay a fee to somebody that can help them realize their organizational or personal goals.

8. Schools and Colleges

Private School Business

In Ethiopia, the demand for schools and colleges outweighs the supply. There are thousands of school students that take national exams in the country yearly but only a small amount of these students get the admissions they seek. Establishing a school with quality equipment, facilities and seasoned and experienced teachers is sure to meet the demands of these eager students.

9. Coaching

You can make good money in Ethiopia by coaching students. If you are excellent in a certain subject area, then you can coach students or people needing help on that subject area for a fee. You can do this online by creating an online website for yourself, or face to face by meeting your students at their homes or a designated venue.

10. Garbage Collection

Garbage Collection Business

Garbage collection services in Ethiopia are not very efficient. This service can now be provided by private individuals and nongovernmental bodies. You can collect and dispose garbage for residential homes. This can be done for them at a particular rate per month.

There are thousands of homes in Addis Ababa and other cities in Ethiopia where you can collect refuse from and help them properly dispose it. The problem of proper waste disposal is a serious one in the country; you can turn that into an income spinner for you.

11. Janitorial Services

Cleaning is something that should be done regularly. Commercial buildings and residential homes should be regularly maintained. In Ethiopia, a lot of companies and government bodies now contract their cleaning needs to cleaning firms.

These buildings can be cleaned for a monthly fee by you. You can charge higher fees with bigger buildings and vice versa!

12. Government Contractors

All you have to do is register a company and be on the lookout for tenders in daily newspapers and print bulletins. A lot of people have won government contracts worth millions to supply various government needs and supplies. This is an excellent business idea for good income in Ethiopia.

13. Solar panel sales and Repair

Ethiopia gets a high amount of sunshine. You can explore this to your benefit by learning how to make, install and repair solar panels. Although this is a technical sector that needs a lot of hardwork, skills and patience, it is also a viable sector.

However, If you have no interest or love for technology, then this business idea is not for you. It requires the investment of technologically inclined persons and it is a lucrative business.

14. Repair of Mobile devices

Another technical business sector is in mobile phones. You can also learn and acquire excellent phone repair skills. These skills can in turn be used to generate income for you by providing phone repair services for your clients.

15. Agric Value Addition

As stated earlier, the Ethiopian economy is growing very fast and this fast growth is also in the agricultural sector. There is always a demand for food and it has made the agribusiness an extremely viable idea. You can make money for yourself by value addition to agricultural products for example; you can turn milk into yoghurt, cheese, etc. and many other value-added products.

16. Bakery and Fast foods

Bakery Business

Everyone loves baked goods. From corn flour to wheat flour and other forms of flour, Ethiopians love them all. This alone is enough to make you consider dabbling into the baking industry. It is essential however that you get all the information needed before going into the business. This sector is lucrative and open for all types of people regardless of gender.

17. Poultry

Poultry Farming Business

This might sound easy and simple but it really isn’t. It involves the full use of farming and entrepreneurial skills to make it possible. Before starting, you have to determine your proposed market and the type of poultry you want to go into.

Poultry business has two main parts; firstly, Broilers, where the chickens are grown mainly for meat, and secondly, Layers, where the chickens are grown for egg production.

18. Private lesson teachers

You can teach children after school. Several parents out there are busy and cannot afford the fees of home teachers. You can seize this opportunity to organize after school lessons and charge at rates lower than the normal home teacher rates.

This can serve as a way for you to make cool money. Also, you can choose any particular expertise area of yours to teach on.

19. Gardening and Landscaping

Landscaping Business

You can convert your client’s plain backyard into a spectacular view. Though it requires a lot of creativity and training but it also gives good pay. To do this business, you will have to learn a lot and research well to produce the best results for your clients every time. It is a very lucrative business once you have understood the basics and gained expert knowledge of it.

20. Advertising campaign developer

Creating and building contents for your clients is a good way to make money. You can plan and execute beautiful media campaigns, create online content, apps, email distribution, mobile contests, videos and other interesting things for your clients and customers and in turn be paid generously for these services.

21. Freelance Writing

You can decide to become a full time freelance writer to earn income or a part time freelance writer to support a regular income. Also, you can do it for fun or to build your portfolio/skill list. You can get clients to give you jobs and write properly for them to get money for your needs. Writing can be a great business option.

22. Creating Music Videos

Good music sells. This is the reason why the music industry is always booming. If you are a creative person, you can go into music related business by creating music videos for artiste promotion or brand building. This is an industry that is always sure to give high returns as long as you do good work.

23. Child care centers

Daycare Business

Child care centers are a viable business opportunity in Ethiopia. Due to the increasing rate of insecurity as a result of abusive house helps or baby peddlers, more parents are deciding to go with taking their children to child care centers. Also, the busy and hectic daily schedules of many parents have made this business even more profitable.

24. Selling snacks and Drinks

Snacks are convenient in-between meals. They can be consumed anywhere whether at the office, in school, at special events, even during meetings, seminars, conferences, etc. The demand for snacks is never low. Also, snacks are usually served with soft drinks to accompany them. You can sell these soft drinks too. You can go into this business as a source of income generation for you.

25. Start a driving school

Yearly, there are more and more people who desire to know how to drive. Eager teenagers, young adults and even matured men and women who do not know how to drive look for ways to learn. You can establish a place for people to learn how to drive for a token or a fee, hereby providing for yourself a stable source of income. You have to be registered to issue valid certificates.

26. Private security firm

Private Security Business

Setup your own security firm. You can do this by hiring and training able bodied men and women, then deploying them to companies that need them for protection of important infrastructure. Although this business has to be licensed by the stipulated authority, it is a great way to make cool cash.

27. Mobile Store/Office supply

For office workers, it is difficult to go out and get certain things like shirts, wristwatches, perfumes, ties, etc. You can use this as a business opportunity by helping them do their shopping. You can also buy goods and take it to these people in their offices for them to buy from you at a rate set by you. So you can decide what your own service charge will be. This will ensure that you make good profit.

28. Computer sales and repairs

Due to the increase in sales of computers and laptops, there is also an increase in the need for computer repair technicians. This sector is a great business to go into in Ethiopia. You can also offer computer cleaning services too.

29. Appliance repairing

This industry is also lucrative. You can learn how to fix electronics and appliances, get certified and start fixing for people to get paid. It is a great business idea for idle youths in the country.

30. Laundry service

Laundry and Drycleaning Business

We have already established the fact that a lot of people in Ethiopia are very busy and do not have the time for some basic things. This includes time for laundry too. This business will do well whether the economy is bad or not. It is quite easy to start up but yet extremely profitable. You only need a washing machine , dryer, pressing irons and some other little items.

31. Brick Moulding business

Cement Brick and Block Moulding Business

As stated earlier, the real estate industry is growing very fast. The demand for homes is on the increase in Ethiopia and homes are made with brick. This therefore leads to an increase in demand for bricks. One can go into this to generate steady and good income regularly. Getting trained in brick making will however make things easier for you if you are considering this option.

32. E-Book writing

For people that enjoy writing and know the process of making e-books, then E-book writing is an excellent business idea for you. You can write different e-books and then sell them online from your website or on sites like Amazon, Blogger, etc.

33. Employee training and Professional Certification

There is high demand for specialized employee training in the country. A lot of employees require training on various aspects like money handling, customer service, stress management, etc. You can get trained in these aspects and in turn train employees for a fee set by you. This is a great way to make money.

34. Internet Cafe Business

In Ethiopia, people always want to browse the net. You can start an internet cafe business with other added services like online research, printing, photocopy and another computer services. You can even do better by positioning your cafe in a busy area to get more customers.

35. Disc Jockey

DJ Business

Popularly called DJ, this is one profitable business opportunity. Your diverse music compilation can serve as a source of income for you. This job is especially for music lovers and energetic personalities. You can make yourself more valuable by being a DJ and also a wedding planner.

36. Pest Control Business

Pest Control Business

If you need a steady flow of income, then you should think of starting a pest control business. This business involves the removal or eradication of potentially harmful insects, reptile and rodents from farms, residential and commercial properties.

All over the world, and especially in this part of the world, people are becoming more and more aware of removing things that may be injurious to the health. This makes the pest control business very viable.

37. Vehicle Towing

Before going into this business, you have to first of all get a license to operate a mobile towing business. From then on it is game on for you. Although this license is not easy to get, it can help you get the chance to work well with car dealers and property managers to move their business cars, buses or trucks.

38. Cooling Van Business

Ethiopia is a hot country. This makes warm or hot drinks not really in demand, but there is a high want for cold drinks all around the country. You can tap into this to create a business opportunity for yourself. Start a cooling van business. With a cooling van, you can supply cold or even ice drinks to events and parties. This can fetch you good money every week and even every day.

39. Tricycle Transportation

There is a great opportunity for tricycle operators in the country. This is as a result of the special features of tricycles; features like its portability, convenience for hire service, flexibility, efficiency of maintenance, life span and durability, etc. This business opportunity has been widely accepted in the country and it is actually quite viable.

40. Car Hiring

Car Rental Business

This sector is a very lucrative business opportunity. It is even more profitable when it is situated in a strategic location where there is high population of people with numerous commercial and entertainment centers. This business however is quite capital intensive and requires close management. Your vehicles must be up to the required safety standards for you to get good customers and clients.

41. Car washing

It is a normal thing for cars to get dirty but most people do not have the spare time to wash their cars. Providing a professional car cleaning and washing service is a sure way to get steady and regular income in the country. This business requires an open space and the right equipment for a successful startup. You can also hire boys to help you with the washing if you want to start on a large scale. It is not very expensive to set up.

42. Auto Mechanic

This is an important business all over the world. This is due to the fact that cars that break down must get fixed or repaired.

But before you can go into this business, you should know all that pertains to auto repair and its applications. You can do this by getting trained in auto repair or hiring trained hands to work in your auto repair shop or garage. This business is even more lucrative in Ethiopia due to the state of imported cars in the country.

43. Travel agency

Travel and Tour Agency

Travelling and tourism is a big deal for a lot of people. The industry is a major industry in the country. The main stakeholders in this industry are the transport companies including airline, shipping and cruise companies, and also a particular group of people that work in the background to make sure that the travels are comfortable and hitch free. With the current economic boom, it would be a wise move to start a travel and tourism agency.

44. New and second hand cloth business

The clothing business is an industry that is open for exploration. It is made up of small retail stores that sell a wide variety of clothing items. You can go into this industry to make money for yourself. By buying new or second hand clothes from wholesalers and selling in the retail market, you can make profit for yourself and by doing this also give yourself a brand name.

45. Cement Manufacturing

This is another viable business idea that should be looked into in Ethiopia. Although it may be quite expensive to start up, but there is no shortage of demand for your product as it is needed everywhere, especially if you put the price of your product at a reasonable rate.

If you have an abundant source of capital, then do not hesitate to go into this business and open your very own cement manufacturing plant.

46. Soap Making

There is without doubt a very large and expanding market for soaps. Soaps are products manufactured from chemicals and are used for either bathing or washing of clothes, plates, cars and even glass windows. This industry is still expanding and there is more than enough room for new soap makers to come in and market their stuff.

So if what you see is a simple business in the chemical industry that can fetch you steady income, then you should think of going into the business of soap making.

47. Chemical Merchant

The demand for some chemical products has not been met by the supply rate in the Ethiopian local market. This can become a profitable business for you.

All you need to do is to find out about the product that is needed, link up with foreign manufacturers to supply you, seal the deal and sell locally. You can also produce and export chemical products to other countries with great demand for these products.

48. Selling Insurance policies

This isn’t a new idea but it is most certainly a profitable one. You can get information from insurance agents and sell policies to clients thereby attracting a commission fee for yourself.

49. Sell recharge vouchers

This business idea is almost costless to start up, yet it is profitable. You can sell the recharge cards to the public, friends, family members and even colleagues. You can get the vouchers at a cheaper rate from the service providers and sell them to people at the standard rate, thereby making profit for yourself.

50. Start an Entertainment Lounge

There is a high number of foreigners and foreign workers in Ethiopia, especially in Addis Ababa. Most of these people and even locals would need places to relax and unwind after a hard day’s work and on weekends.

You can meet the needs of these fun lovers by starting up an entertainment lounge such as a bar, hotel, casino, restaurant, cinema, night club and so on. There is an infinite number of possibilities here so pick one and set up the business.

These are the top 50 business ideas and opportunities that are quite lucrative and open to you in Ethiopia. Do not hesitate to choose any one you like and start making good money for yourself. Cheers!

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POULTRY FARMING SMALL-SCALE POULTRY FARMING IN CENTRAL -ETHIOPIA

Profile image of abenezer workneh

Like humans, birds have a windpipe and two lungs. From there on birds are distinctly unlike mammals. Air flows into a bird's lungs during the intake of breath. This air continues through the lungs into nine air sacs and then it goes back out through the lungs again. Birds get two doses of oxygen for the price of one breath! The air sacs are arranged around the inside of the chest and abdominal cavity. These air sacs connect with some of the bones of the skeleton. .2 'Respiratory' shows every part of the tract.

Related Papers

Ageze Abraham

small scale business plan in ethiopia pdf

Mearg Fitsum

Related research results and facts of indigenous chicken production in and out of Tigray region were reviewed with the aim of delivering information to the improved production and for the breeding plan of a region. The study revealed that there are various advantages which make poultry attractive in the context of poverty alleviation and quality protein supply in Tigray region. The study also showed that there are three major production systems such as village or backyard poultry production system, small scale poultry production system and commercial poultry production system. The common production system used was mostly extensive type that is characterized by small flock sizes; it needs no or less inputs and a periodic devastation of the flock by diseases. As a conclusion, government and non government organization should enhance the private sector to engage in poultry feed production, supplying watering, feeding and hatching materials. Government should be developing the community based disease diagnosis and proactive protection and control options .Government should be strengthen the local private/public drugs/vaccine supplier and services providers. Key words: Flock composition, Chicken distribution, Breed

Tropical Animal Health and Production

Girma Abebe

Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Fayoumi chickens were evaluated on-station in a college farm and on-farm in village farms, whereas local chickens were only tested under on-farm condition. Traits recorded are egg production and egg quality, body weight and feed efficiency at 4, 8 and 12 months of age. Significant age effect was found for most traits except for shell thickness, albumen height and egg length. Also, significant breed by management system interactions were found for all traits measured in both systems. Fayoumi chickens were higher in egg production in both management systems. Moreover, they were higher than RIR in feed efficiency. RIR were higher in most egg quality traits and had higher weight gain. Local chickens performed below the two exotic breeds in most of the traits, but had higher weight gain than Fayoumi. Chickens kept on-farm had poorer performance than those kept on-station in all traits except for yolk colour.

Dawit Alemu

… paper for the Pro- …

World's Veterinary Journal Editor

A demonstration trial was conducted on four selected chicken eco-types found in three districts (Guagusa Shekudad, Mecha and Farta) of Western Amhara, Ethiopia. The trial was done on 80 village chicken owner households using a total of 344 local hens. It was done for two successive years (2011 and 2012). The major objective of the study was to evaluate the egg production performance of local hens with strategic feed supplementation. Correspondingly a formal survey was conducted on 320 local hens being reared in similar villages to identify their egg production potential under the existing farmers’ management condition. The supplementary diet was prepared using maize, noug cake and salt. Each hen was given 60 grams of supplementary feed daily. The average number of local hens used in supplementary feeding trial per each household was 4.3 hens. The average egg production of local hens under existing farmers’ management condition was found to be 51.6 eggs/hen/year. The average number of eggs laid per supplemented hens per day was 0.29 eggs. The total egg production of supplemented hens was 50.88 eggs/hen/six months period. The economic analysis result indicated that village chicken producers could get additional cash income of $ 9.6 Ethiopian Birr and $ 16.9 Ethiopian Birr, through selling of extra produced eggs at local markets and urban markets, respectively. The result of the study indicated that 97.5% of participants were happy with the feed supplementation regime. Poor palatability of noug cake due to improper mixing was the major constraint raised by participants. The result of the study revealed that supplementing local scavenging hens with additional feed could improve egg production and reduce mortality. The promising results of the current study also showed feed supplementation and training should be included in local chicken improvement package preparation programs with other interventions like health and housing.

Lemma Gulilat

Aleme Asres (PhD)

Abstract In Ethiopia, the agricultural sector is a corner stone of the economic and social life of the people. The sector employs 80-85 percent of the population and contributes 40 percent to the total GDP. Livestock production, as one component of agriculture, covers 40 percent of agricultural output and it also plays an important role in the national economy as it contributes 13-16 percent of the total GDP. Poultry production, as one segment of livestock production, has a peculiar privilege to contribute to the sector. Similarly, households in Ethiopia keep birds for household consumption, sale and reproduction purposes including other social and cultural roles. Estimating the economic value of rural poultry is more difficult than for other livestock because of the lack of reliable production data. Rural chicken in Ethiopia represents a significant part of the national economy in general and the rural economy in particular and contribute to 98.5% and 99.2% of the national egg and chicken meat production, respectively. However, the economic contribution of the sector is still not proportional to the huge chicken numbers, attributed to the presence of many technical, organizational and institutional constraints. It is difficult to design and implement chicken based development programs that benefit rural people without understanding traditional chicken production systems and marketing. This paper is to review traditional chicken production system and marketing in Ethiopia. Keywords: Chicken, marketing and traditional

Shola R A S H E E D AMAO (Ph.D)

The study was conducted to assess the preliminary evaluation of productive potentials of Nigerian indigenous chicken breeds versus Rhode Island Red chicken reared Southern Guinea Savanna environment of Nigeria. A total of 937 day-old local chickens generated from a main cross of local chickens possessing some major genes; naked-neck (NN x NN), frizzle (FF x FF), normal feathered gene (NF x NF), Fulani ecotype (FE x FE) and exotic birds (RIR x RIR) were used to evaluate the productive potential of the pullets in a randomized complete block design. The genetic groups produced were homozygous naked neck, (NN), frizzled (FF), normal feathered (NF), fulani ecotype (FE) and Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens. Significant (p<0.05) difference in body weight, daily feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were observed among genotypes and as expected, RIR crosses outstands bodyweight (1402 g), consuming more feed (98.33g), weight gain of 15.69 g with feed conversion ratio of 0.15 and average egg weight (54.02 g) than other genetic groups. Among the local birds, NN crosses were superior in growth performance and egg production parameters than other indigenous birds. NN crosses lay earlier (152 day) than other genetic groups and FE crosses had better fertility (86.65%) and hatchability (89.07%) traits compared with all their counterpart genotypes while body weight at first egg was highest and lowest for RIR crosses (1342.86 g) and NF crosses (1255.89 g) respectively. This result depicts that the Nigerian indigenous chickens especially naked neck genotype had a better productive performance among the Nigerian indigenous chicken which may be involved in breeding for developing native foundation stock with RIR exotic birds for production of egg type chicken in this southern guinea savanna region of Nigeria.

Arda Yildirim

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cage tier and age on performance characteristics of layer hybrids, egg quality and some stress parameters. Ninety laying hens (hybrid ATAK-S) of similar bodyweights were used in the experiment. They were housed in three-tier conventional battery cages (bottom, middle and top) with 600 cm2/per bird. The experiment was conducted on hens from the age of 18 weeks to 42 weeks. Layers at the age of 18 weeks were randomly allocated to conventional three-tier battery cages with five replicates of six hens per treatment in a completely randomized design. In the bottom, middle and top tiers, 5% age of yield was observed as 151, 146 and 156 days, respectively; 50% age of yield was 162.4, 158.6 and 161.8 days; 5% yield age bodyweight (BW) as 1597.8, 1460.5 and 1599.2 g; 50% yield age BW as 1708.7, 1666.4 and 1671.7 g, respectively. The effects of cage tiers on week 42 BW, feed conversion ratio (FCR), tonic immobility (TI), egg weight (EW), egg yield (EY), and most external and internal quality traits of the hens’ eggs were found to be insignificant. Except for shape index (SI) and albumen pH, internal and external quality traits of eggs were significantly affected by age of the hens. In addition, there were significant effects of age on the FCR, EY, EW and oviposition time. The effects of cage tier on tonic immobility (TI) in week 42 and viability were found to be insignificant, but TI in week 30 was found to be significant. It can be concluded that cage tier did not have significant effects on egg yield, egg quality and indicators of stress parameters studied in the experiment. However, these parameters were affected by the age of the hens at the beginning of the laying period. Keywords: Cage tiers, layer hybrids, hybrids age, egg quality

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Starting Dairy Farming Business Plan (PDF)

Dairy Farming Business Plan

Starting a dairy farming business is a rewarding and sustainable venture for entrepreneurs looking to make a significant impact in the agricultural sector. As the demand for dairy products continues to grow globally, the opportunity to enter this market is ripe with potential. Dairy farming not only promises a steady supply of products that are always in demand, such as milk, but it also offers the satisfaction of contributing to food security and the agricultural economy.

Milk and its products are cardinal parts of many people’s diets. This is what makes dairy farming such a lucrative livestock farming business idea. Dairy farming is a scalable business with projectable financial outlooks. It is a somewhat technical venture which requires specialized knowledge and skills. That is not a big problem though because you can always acquire the relevant knowledge and skills.  Dairy farming involves breeding cows, milking them, and selling the milk. To build a profitable, sustainable milk dairy farming business, you require sufficient knowledge of how to efficiently keep the milk cows, good business management skills, and a good dairy farming business plan. This article will outline how to start the dairy farming project, and the dairy farming business plan – PDF, Word and Excel.

Dairy farming is a lucrative business, providing income for many farmers, but there are some essential things you need to do before you venture into the dairy milk production business. You have to decide on the size of your dairy farming project (how many dairy cattle will you keep?); location of the milk dairy farming business, and your target market. These choices will be affected by the amount of capital you have, and the size of your target market. If you do not have a lot of capital, you can always start small and grow your milk dairy farming project overtime. You also need to carry out market research (Who are you going to sell the milk to? At what price?) and write a dairy farming business plan before you start the dairy farm project.

Market Research

Before venturing into dairy farming, conducting thorough market research is crucial. This process involves understanding the demand for dairy products in your target market, analyzing the competition, and identifying potential customers. The supply chain is a critical aspect of your market research when starting a dairy farming business. It involves mapping out the entire journey of your dairy products, from farm to consumer, as well as the sourcing of feed and equipment. Identify the key players in the supply chain, such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers, and transportation providers, and understand their roles and requirements. Additionally, assess the sources from which you’ll acquire feed for your cattle and equipment for your farm operations. Analyze the logistics and infrastructure needed to ensure a smooth flow of dairy products, feed, and equipment from their respective sources to your farm and, ultimately, to the end consumers. A well-optimized supply chain is vital for ensuring product freshness, minimizing wastage, and meeting delivery timelines, all of which are essential for the success of your dairy business. Also calculate the initial investment required to start your dairy farm, including the cost of land, livestock, infrastructure, and operational expenses. Develop a detailed financial plan, projecting income and expenses over the next few years. This will help you determine if your business is financially viable.

Part of your essential market research is understanding the pricing dynamics of milk in your target market. You need to ascertain the current price range for milk products and analyze any variations based on factors like quality, packaging, and distribution channels. Furthermore, it’s crucial to identify your potential customers, their preferences, and purchasing habits. Determine how frequently they order dairy products and in what quantities. This information will not only help you set competitive pricing for your dairy products but also tailor your production and marketing strategies to meet the specific demands of your customer base, ensuring a successful entry and sustained growth in the dairy farming business.

Land for Dairy Cattle Farming Business

A substantial portion of land is need for dairy farming. This is because there are several things that must be accommodated. On average, between 1.5 and 2 acres must be available per cow and calf grazing. You also need a number of dairy farm structures for different purposes. For instance, you need dedicated areas for watering, waste management, equipment storage, milking processes, milk storage, feed storage, and maternity, amongst others. These can be self-contained in separate stalls, barns, or rooms, actual buildings. If there are dairy farm workers and they have to stay onsite, living quarters for them would be needed. Put all that together and factor in the number of cows to have a good idea of the total land size you would need for your dairy farm business.

Another consideration is the general climate of a chosen area. An ideal place would be where the climate promotes the growth of rich pastures. The land should have good water drainage. The soils should have good drainage as well. Those elements are critically important for infrastructural development on the dairy farm. The cattle dairy farm location should not be too close to public spaces e.g. residential areas. It is also important to ascertain that the land in question can be used for dairy farming business. Generally, there are procedures and regulations to be adhered to. Checking with the relevant local authorities is a must. Consider availability of quality and consistent water supply, the size of the land, quality of grass and grazing pasture and the soil type is it affects pasture quality.  Other factors include availability of already made infrastructure like good road network, milk facilities, dependable electricity, pens, sheds, buildings. Constructing buildings for a dairy farm is expensive, so it would be an advantage if some buildings are already there. 

Housing For Dairy Farm Business

To be successful in the dairy farming business, it’s important that you provide good and adequate housing for the dairy cows. Housing for dairy cows is required for several reasons: protecting the dairy cattle from adverse weather conditions, confining the milk cows when they are not grazing, and to allow easier management and control of the dairy milk herd. The best dairy design depends on the local climatic conditions, budgetary constraints and availability of bedding materials. When designing housing for the dairy milk herd, take into consideration the need to provide adequate space, feed & water facilities, milking facilities, waste management and livestock handling features.  There are many different structures which can be used for a dairy milk farm, and these include free-stall, tunnels, composite barns, dry lots, tie-stall facilities and dairy sheds. Other dairy milk cow structures include milking parlour, sick/isolation pens, calving boxes, crowding pens, sorting corrals, working chutes & gates, and squeeze gates. However the necessity of the structures depends on the size of the dairy farming business. 

The housing needs for dairy farming business are informed by the different production stages. The dairy milking herd needs to be housed in its own area. They can be housed in stalls or barns which come in different designs. For instance, if you have a small dairy herd you can set up tie stalls. Typically many dairy farmers start off with what are called bedded-pack barns. These are basically enclosed sheds where there is no flooring but just the basic earth. It is usually from this that many, over time, transition or upgrade to more sophisticated dairy farm housing. When it comes to dairy cattle heifers, the hoop barns are the most common housing. Age-wise we are looking at cows between 6 months and heifers. Dairy hoop barns have different designs. One type of hoop barns has a dome-shaped roof. Another type is like a shed, one-sided with a single slope roof. There can be variations to the dairy housing depending on the size of the heifers. More tweaks become necessary as the heifers grow in size. Dairy calves can be housed in hutches. The hutches can be placed outdoors, which is typical. However, adverse weather conditions can make it necessary to place them indoors. The best indoor environment can be barns. From weaning till they are around 6 months old, you can use simple sheds. Just as long as you can provide the pasture they need. Alternatively, you can use hoop sheds. To control and streamline their feeding you can install headlocks. This will ensure they feed orderly without tussling with each other. The dairy farm also requires good fencing, so as to contain the milk cows and manage their grazing. Dairy farm fencing can be by barbed wire, high tensile smooth wire or electric fencing. The dairy milk farm business plan should include the costs of constructing the housing.

Dairy Farm Equipment

There is a wide range of equipment needed in dairy farming business. What you will need depends on your scale or production i.e. number of dairy cows. The other factor is the level of sophistication of your dairy farming operation. At the most basic you need protective clothing such as overalls, boots, gloves, and the like. For day to operations you need equipment such as tractors, trailers, ropes, chains, and loaders. You also need feeders and drinkers – these can be items or in the form of mechanized or digitized systems.

Tags or a tagging system is needed for the dairy cows. Specialized cutters or grinders for hay (or straw) come in handy. You can also have specialized cutters or grinders for green fodder. Ventilation equipment is of importance and so is waste management equipment e.g. manure pits. Milking equipment is obviously required. You will need milk cans or tanks; depends on your capacity. Milking machines, pasteurizers, and homogenizers also come in. The cost of buying the equipment should be included in the dairy cattle farming business plan. 

Breeding Stock for Dairy Farming Business

To start a dairy milk production business, you require the dairy breeding stock: bulls (male cattle) and milking cows (female cattle). A dairy farm can also be operated without bulls, by using artificial insemination for breeding the milking cows. The cows should breed every year, as milk production only happens after the cows have given birth to calves. The decision of which dairy breed to use is important, and affects the success of your milk production business.

The breeds you choose will affect the milk production potential of your dairy farming business. Some breeds are better than others at producing good milk quality. The quantity of milk produced also varies depending on the breed of the milk cow. Other characteristics which vary among breeds include breeding age, productive lifespan, adaptation to different environmental conditions & climates, calving ease, feed conversion, diseases resistance, and average birth weight. When choosing breeding stock it is usually wise to look for purebreds. Purebreds normally have detailed information available on their breeding and ancestry history. Some of the most common breeds used in the dairy farming business are Holstein, Red and White, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Milking Shorthorn. Other noteworthy breeds are Kerry, Dutch Belted, Dexter, and Milking Devon. The dairy farm business plan should include the costs of acquiring the dairy cattle breeding stock.

Feed And Nutrition

Feeds for dairy cattle come in two broad forms namely concentrates and forages. There are also dairy supplementary feeding options that can be considered. Concentrates (usually grain-based) are important because of their high energy and protein content. Forages are essential for the dairy cows as they are good sources of fiber and are typically legume or grass-based. Supplementary feeding of dairy cattle fills gaps that can be there nutrition-wise. For example, molasses is calcium-rich, amongst other essential nutrients. There are 3 common feeding approaches that are used. These are feeding using total mixed ratios, component feeding, and using pastures. Total mixed ratios entail proportionately mixed all-in-one meals. Component feeding as the name suggests involves feeding component by component e.g. forages, concentrates, and so on. Using pastures is by the commonly known paddocking system.

The success of your dairy milk production business is affected by the feeding system that you use. The feeding program of the dairy farming business should ensure that adequate nutrition is provided to both the cows and calves at all growth stages and during all seasons. This should be done while keeping an eye on the feed costs, as they greatly affect profitability of the dairy milk farming business. Dairy cattle need a daily supply of all nutrients required for maintenance and production: milk, meat, growth and pregnancy. Failure to provide adequate feeding for the milk cows and calves results in low milk production, poor reproductive performance, poor growth of the calves and poor disease resistance. These factors all lead to reduced revenues for the dairy milk production business, thus lower profits. The common feeding programs of dairy farming business are usually based on pasture grazing, in combination with supplementary feed. The supplementary feed for dairy cows include concentrates, hay, corn, fodder, salts & minerals, silage, commercial dairy cow feeds and grains. The feed costs should be included in the dairy farming business plan.

milk cow farm business plan

Health & Disease Management

Ensuring the health and well-being of your dairy herd is paramount to the success of your dairy farming business. A comprehensive health and disease management program is essential to maintain the productivity of your cattle and the quality of your dairy products. Regular health checks, observation of behavior, and adherence to recommended vaccination schedules are critical components of routine health monitoring. A comprehensive disease prevention and control strategy is vital. This includes implementing quarantine procedures for new animals entering your farm and biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of disease transmission. Preparedness for disease outbreaks, including isolating and treating sick cattle promptly, is crucial to prevent the spread of illness within the herd.

Proper nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene play a pivotal role in preventing diseases and maintaining herd health. A balanced diet tailored to the specific nutritional needs of your cattle, along with clean living conditions and access to clean water, are vital. In addition, establishing a strong partnership with a qualified veterinarian, maintaining meticulous records, and providing proper training to farm staff are essential for effective health and disease management. Effective record-keeping is another cornerstone of health and disease management. Maintaining detailed records of your herd’s health history, including vaccinations, treatments, and observed health issues, allows you to track trends, make informed decisions, and continuously improve your health management practices. Prioritizing these measures not only safeguards the welfare of your cattle but also contributes to the production of high-quality dairy products, ultimately ensuring the success and sustainability of your dairy farming business.

Dairy Farming Business Model

In the dairy farming business model, your primary assets are your bulls and milk cows, which are carefully managed to ensure a sustainable source of income. The process begins with the mating of these cattle, either through natural reproduction or artificial insemination, to produce calves. Once the milk cows give birth, they commence milk production, which becomes a core revenue stream for your operation. The milk produced can be sold to various markets and consumers, contributing significantly to your income.

In addition to milk production, the management of the calves born is crucial. Some of these calves can be raised to replace the breeding cattle in your herd, ensuring the continuity of your dairy operation. Others can be sold at birth, providing an additional source of revenue. To maintain the health and productivity of your herd, you’ll also need to cull some breeding cows over time due to factors like old age or poor milk production, and these cows can be sold as well. While the business incurs expenses, particularly in feed costs, the revenue generated from selling milk, calves, and culled cattle far exceeds these input costs and operating expenses, resulting in a healthy profit. This cyclical and sustainable approach ensures a continuous source of income for your dairy farming business, making it a viable and lucrative venture.

Capital for Dairy Farming Business

The amount of capital required for the milk dairy farming business depends on the size of the project. When starting a dairy milk production business, most of the capital goes to acquiring the land, building infrastructure, and buying the dairy cows & bulls. You can get a loan from the bank, or funding from investors, to use as capital to start your dairy farming business. If you plan to raise capital from investors and a loan from the bank, you need a good dairy farming business plan. If you don’t have access to investors and bank loan, you can use your personal savings and start small, and grow your dairy farming business overtime. Dairy cattle farming is very profitable, so if you reinvest the profits you get, you can grow over time. Even if you are not planning to get a loan, you should still get a dairy farming project plan to guide you in starting and operating the business. It is essential for you to have a dairy farming business plan before you venture into the dairy milk production business, so that you know all the costs involved and you make an informed decision.

Market for Dairy Milk

Milk is often regarded as being nature’s most complete food because it provides many of the nutrients which are essential for the growth of the human body. Being an excellent source of protein and having an abundance of vitamins and minerals, particularly calcium, milk can make a positive contribution to the health of a nation.

The market for milk is very huge and is ever increasing, annual milk global demand exceeds 800 million tonnes. Your dairy farming business can sell raw or processed milk. The market for dairy milk includes supplying to milk processors, grocery stores, schools, companies, individual households, organisations etc. It’s important for the dairy farming business plan to include a proper marketing plan to use in your milk dairy farming business.

Keys to Profitability in Dairy Farming

Achieving profitability in the dairy farming business is a multifaceted endeavor that demands a strategic approach and a deep understanding of industry dynamics. Several crucial keys can unlock the path to profitability and financial sustainability. First and foremost, efficient herd management is essential. Selecting cattle with high-quality genetics, implementing effective breeding programs, and maintaining proper nutrition can enhance milk production while reducing operational costs. Regular health checks and disease prevention strategies are equally vital to minimize veterinary expenses and maintain overall herd health.

Optimizing feed and nutrition is another pivotal factor. Balancing your cattle’s diet with the right feed and nutrition can maximize milk production and minimize feed costs. Regular assessments of feed quality and collaboration with nutritionists can ensure that your dairy cattle receive the necessary nutrients for optimal health and productivity. Sustainable farming practices are increasingly important, not only for environmental reasons but also for cost reduction. Responsible waste management, efficient water usage, and energy-efficient facilities can lower operational expenses and appeal to eco-conscious consumers.

Controlling costs and streamlining efficiency are critical for profitability. Regularly reviewing expenses and identifying areas for cost-cutting without compromising animal welfare can have a substantial impact on your bottom line. Diversifying income streams beyond milk sales can mitigate risks associated with market fluctuations. Exploring opportunities such as selling surplus calves or producing value-added dairy products can help stabilize revenue. Effective marketing and branding, supported by a strong brand identity and customer engagement, can set your dairy farm apart in the competitive market and even command premium prices for your products.

Advantages of Dairy Farming Business

Launching a dairy farming venture comes with a host of distinct advantages that make it an appealing agricultural pursuit. Central to these benefits is the stable and unwavering demand for dairy products. Staples like milk, cheese, yogurt, and butter maintain a consistent presence in households worldwide, ensuring a dependable source of income for dairy farmers. This steady demand provides a reliable source of income, reducing the uncertainty that can be associated with other agricultural ventures. Furthermore, the potential for high returns on investment adds to the allure of dairy farming. With proper care and management, dairy cattle can produce milk for several years, providing an ongoing revenue stream. Additionally, the production of value-added dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, can command premium prices in the market, further enhancing profitability. Dairy farming also offers diversification opportunities, allowing farmers to explore various income streams beyond milk sales. These can include selling surplus calves, producing dairy-based products, or even engaging in agritourism activities on the farm. Such diversification not only strengthens financial stability but also reduces risk, contributing to the sustainability of the business. A well-maintained dairy herd can provide long-term potential for your business. Cows can produce milk for several lactation cycles, and if managed properly, they can remain productive for years. This longevity offers stability and the opportunity to build a sustainable, generational farming legacy.

Why You Need A Dairy Farming Business Plan

A business plan is an essential tool for financial planning and management. It helps you estimate the initial capital required to start your dairy farm, including expenses for land, cattle, infrastructure, and operational costs. With a well-defined financial plan, you can budget more effectively. A dairy farm business plan is instrumental in helping you gain a comprehensive understanding of the profitability of your dairy farming business and the myriad factors that influence it. It serves as a financial compass, allowing you to assess the potential income and expenses associated with your operation, thereby providing a clear view of your farm’s profitability. Factors such as the cost of feed, veterinary care, labor, milk prices, and market demand all play pivotal roles in determining the bottom line. With this insight, you can make informed decisions to optimize profitability by identifying cost-saving opportunities, diversifying income streams, and implementing strategies to mitigate risks, ensuring the long-term financial success of your dairy farming venture. A well-crafted business plan also serves as a powerful tool for securing funding. When seeking financial support from investors, lenders, or potential partners, a comprehensive business plan demonstrates your commitment, professionalism, and a clear strategy for success. A robust business plan not only showcases your dedication but also provides prospective funders with the information they need to evaluate the viability and potential return on investment of your dairy farming business, making it a crucial asset in securing the necessary capital for your agricultural endeavor.

Pre-Written Dairy Farming Business Plan (PDF, Word And Excel): Comprehensive Version, Short Funding/Bank Loan Version and Automated Financial Statements

For an in-depth analysis of the dairy farming business, we encourage you to purchase our well-researched and comprehensive dairy farming business plan. We introduced the business plans after discovering that many were venturing into the dairy cattle production business without enough knowledge and understanding of how to run the dairy milk production business, how to keep the dairy cows, lack of understanding of the financial side of the business, lack of understanding of : the industry, the risks involved , costs and profitability of the business; which often leads to disastrous losses.

The StartupBiz Global dairy business plan will make it easier for you to launch and run your dairy cattle farming business successfully, fully knowing what you are going into, and what’s needed to succeed in the business. It will be easier to plan and budget as you will be aware of all the costs involved in setting up and running the milk cows farming business.

Uses of the Dairy Farming Business Plan (PDF, Word And Excel)

The milk cows farm business plan can be used for many purposes including:

  • Raising capital from investors/friends/relatives
  • Applying for a bank loan
  • Start-up guide to launch your milk cows farming business
  • As a dairy farming business proposal
  • Assessing profitability of the dairy milk production business
  • Finding a business partner
  • Assessing the initial start-up costs so that you know how much to save
  • Manual for current business owners to help in business and strategy formulation

Contents of the Dairy Business Plan (PDF, Word And Excel)

The dairy farming business plan include, but not limited to:

  • Marketing Strategy
  • Financial Statements (monthly cash flow projections, income statements, cash flow statements, balance sheets, break even analysis, payback period analysis, start-up costs, financial graphs, revenue and expenses, Bank Loan Amortization)
  • Risk Analysis
  • Industry Analysis
  • Market Analysis
  • SWOT & PEST Analysis
  • Operational Requirements (Including technical aspects of how to keep the dairy cattle, feed requirements etc)
  • Operational Strategy
  • Why some people in dairy farming business fail, so that you can avoid their mistakes
  • Ways to raise capital to start your dairy milk farm business

The Pre-written dairy farm business plan package consists of 4 files

  • Dairy Farming Business Plan – PDF file (Comprehensive Version – 124 Pages)
  • Dairy Cows Farm Business Plan – Editable Word File (Comprehensive Version – 124 Pages)
  • Dairy Cattle Farming Business Plan Funding/Bank Loan Version- Editable Word File (Short version for applying for a loan/funding – 52 pages)
  • Dairy Farming Business Plan Automated Financial Statements – (Editable Excel File)

The business plan can be used in any country and can be easily edited. The financial statements are automated. This implies that you can change eg the number of dairy cattle, selling price of the milk etc, and all the other financial statements will automatically adjust to reflect the change.

Click below to download the Contents Page of the Dairy Farming Business Plan (PDF)

dairy farming business plan pdf

Testimonial 5

I was able to understand the business side of farming because of your business plan. You did extensive research; the business plan was well prepared and fully detailed.  It made everything clear, and I have somewhere to start now. I am confident that I am going to succeed in my business because of the guidance from your business plan.

Testimonial 3

I was extremely lucky to come across StartupBiz Global. Their business plan exceeded my expectations, and most importantly I was able to secure a loan from my bank. Thank you guys, now my dreams are coming true!

Testimonial 6

I purchased a business plan from you, and I’m glad to inform you that I was able to get my loan, and I’m starting my poultry farming business on the 1 st of July. This was made possible because of your business plan. Thank you very much, you made my dream come true.

Testimonial 4

The business plan which I purchased from your website saved me TIME and MONEY! The layout of the business plan was excellent. The financial statements were detailed and easy for me to edit. I will come back to purchase another business plan soon.

Testimonial 2

Many thanks for your incredibly efficient service and thorough business plan. I am very impressed with the business plan. Before I bought the business plan, I tried to do my own business plan – it was such a nightmare and it turned out badly, also not to mention the stress it caused me. I wish I knew about your website earlier!

Testimonial 1

StartupBiz Global provided a very professional and comprehensive business plan which I used for my business. The business plan was easy to edit, and I was able to get the funding which I wanted. I highly recommend their business plans.

Testimonial 7

I found Startupbiz Global online when I was in desperate need of a business plan. I was overwhelmed by the quality of the business plan, it’s comprehensive and well researched! I did not have to wait to get the business plan, I got it instantly after payment. I highly recommend Startupbiz Global, and would happily use them again in the future.

Testimonial 8

Just wanted to say I am very happy with the business plan and I will gladly recommend your products, thank you very much and have a great day.

Get the Dairy Farming Business Plan (PDF, Word And Excel)

Click Buy Now  below to purchase using Paypal, Credit Card, or Debit Card. After you have purchased, you will immediately see the download link for the business plan package on the screen. You will also immediately get an email with the business plan download link. The Pre-written business plan package (PDF, Word, and Excel) costs $30 only!

milk cow farm business plan

If you want to purchase multiple business plans at once then click here: Business Plans Store.

The business plan package is a zipped compressed file containing the PDF, Word and Excel documents. To open the package after downloading it, just right click, and select Extract All. If you have any problems in downloading and opening the files, email us on [email protected] and we will assist you.

We wish you the best in your dairy farming business! Check out our collection of business plans  , and more business ideas .

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